Chapter 9

How is a reemerging pathogen different from an emerging pathogen?

A reemerging pathogen is an infectious agent that was under control due to prevention or treatment strategies and is now resurfacing.

What are the three factors of the epidemiological triangle?

environmental factors, etiological agent, and host factors

What is the definition of morbidity?

existence of disease

Why are Koch's postulates important to microbiology?

They allowed us to identify the causative pathogens of many infectious diseases.

Which of the following does not help to limit the spread of healthcare-acquired infections?

transporting patients as often as possible to keep the healthy patients away from the sick patients

When is quarantine an effective tool to limit disease?

when the disease has a short incubation time

Which of the following infectious disease transmission modes is notcorrectly paired with an example?

windborne: cholera

When is knowing the host and environmental factors that lead to a disease more important to saving lives than knowing the etiological causative agent?

when there is no cure for the disease

If a population contains 800 individuals and documents 400 cases of measles within the population, what is the prevalence rate?

50%

Which of the following is an example of a rate?

About 4,932 people become infected with HIV each day.

Which of the following key HAI's is not associated with its correct cause?

Clostridium difficile: Causes acute illness that is followed by a high risk of chronic infection that causes severe liver damage and increases the risk of liver cancer

Which of the following is not a reason why healthcare epidemiology is essential to quality care?

Hospitals have been inadvertent sources of infection for thousands of years.

What is a pandemic?

a widespread disease outbreak that spreads to numerous countries during a specific time frame

Endemic infections

are routinely detected in a population or region.

If you had to choose to be either a chronic carrier or an asymptomatic carrier, which would you choose any why?

asymptomatic carrier because I wouldn't experience any symptoms

Which of the following is an endogenous source of infection?

bacteria from the skin entering a surgical incision

It is called a ________ vector when the vector organism has a role in the pathogen's life cycle.

biological

Which of the following would not be important when evaluating measures of frequency?

factors that may be linked to cases of the disease

Which of the following pathogen agents is multicellular?

helminths

What is the definition of eradication of an infectious disease?

here are no longer any cases of the microbe anywhere in the world for three consecutive years.

Of the following goals listed, which are the two goals of epidemiology?

intervene to protect and improve health in populations

Which of the following is an indirect infectious disease transmission mode?

vehicle

Which of the following is nota reason why healthcare settings are hot zones for antibiotic-resistant pathogens?

Air is recirculated from patient isolation rooms to the rest of the hospital.

Chronic diseases have a rapid onset and progression.

FALSE

The acute phase of an infectious disease, when the pathogen levels are the highest, is the most contagious stage of any pathogen.

FALSE

The source of an infectious agent is the animate or inanimate habitat where the pathogen is naturally found.

FALSE

When two things happen at the same time, that correlation indicates one factor is causing the other.

FALSE

Which of the following is not a goal of the public health system?

designs treatments, cures, or vaccines

Hospital microbiologists routinely test isolated pathogens for their susceptibility to commonly prescribed drugs in order to share these susceptibility rates with the healthcare team to help them make informed decisions about antibiotic therapies.

TRUE

It can be challenging to accurately determine incidence rate for diseases with high percentages of asymptomatic cases or when a pathogen mutates to become more infective and/or virulent.

TRUE

It is legal for the CDC to quarantine any person entering or already in the United States who may have an infectious disease that is deemed quarantinable.

TRUE

The epidemiological triangle is equally useful for describing noninfectious diseases as it is infectious diseases.

TRUE

Why are epidemiological measures useful?

They provide insight as to where public health campaigns or prevention efforts may be needed most.

Zoonotic diseases are spread from animals to humans.

True

Which of the following is not a reason(s) that we see an increased rate of disease emergence?

decreased water quality

What is the definition of a true pathogen?

does not require a weakened host to cause disease

Which of the following would not be important when evaluating measures of association?

duration of the disease

What is the order of the five stages of infectious disease?

incubation period, prodromal phase, acute phase, period of decline, convalescent phase

When a healthcare provider diagnoses a reportable disease, who do they document the case with?

local public health authority

Which of the following factors would make eradication of a disease harder?

longer incubation period

Which of the following is not a way that ethical issues emerge in epidemiology?

more visible infections noticeable in the community

What are emerging diseases?

new or newly identified infections in a population

Which of the following is an example of analytical epidemiology?

observational studies

What is herd immunity?

the only protection available to those who are unable to receive immunizations due to medical reasons