Chapter 9: Alcohol
If a person suffers from alcohol-related fatty liver, the liver uses stored fatty acids for energy when __________.
alcohol input ceases
It was discovered many years ago in Spain that if enough ________ is added to a newly fermented wine the fermentation will stop.
brandy
In the context of the disease model of alcohol dependence, a consequence of defining alcohol dependence as a primary disease is that _______________.
drinking itself should be recognized as a problem
_________ forms the basis for all alcoholic beverages.
Fermentation
Identify an event in the United States that made people consider the value of tax revenue from alcohol sale.
The Great Depression
An alcohol withdrawal syndrome that includes hallucinations and tremors is known as __________.
delirium tremens
Typical distilled beverages sold commercially with an alcohol content ranging between 40-50% is _____ proof.
80 to 100
Most patients with Wernicke's disease, an alcohol-related organic bran disease, also exhibit Korsakoff's psychosis that is characterized by an _________.
inability to remember recent events or to learn new information
Alcohol dilates the peripheral blood vessels in the central nervous system, and this __________.
increases heat loss from a drinker's body
Benjamin Rush, a prominent Philadelphia physician who authored the first writings indicating a negative views of alcohol, found a link between heavy drinking and __________.
jaundice
The safety margin of the surgical anesthesia level and the minimum lethal level of alcohol is _________ percent blood alcohol.
less than 0.1
The safety margin of the surgical anesthesia level and the minimum lethal level of alcohol is ___________ percent blood alcohol.
less than 0.1
Death resulting from acute alcohol intoxication usually is the result of respiratory failure when the __________.
medulla is depressed
Identify a true statement about the behavioral effects of blood alcohol concentration, or BAC.
The rate at which BAC rises is a factor in determining behavioral effects of a person.
Identify a true statement about the distillation process to obtain alcohol.
There is a higher percentage of alcohol in the distillate than there was in the original solution.
Identify a true statement about grain neutral spirits, which contain relatively pure alcohol.
They are essentially tasteless.
Identify a true statement about French champagnes.
They are naturally carbonated sparkling wines.
Identify a true statement about congeners.
They are present only in small amounts in the liquor.
Identify a true statement about liqueurs, or cordials.
They are similar in some ways to fortified wines.
Identify a true statement about the studies on twins about alcohol dependence.
It concluded that some degree of vulnerability to alcohol dependence might be inherited.
in 2000, the U.S. Congress passed legislation requiring states to reduce the blood alcohol concentration for driving under the influence, or DUI, conviction from 0.10 to ________.
0.08
In 1988, _______ was made the uniform drinking age all across the United States.
21
Identify an effect of alcohol on the brain that increases one's urine flow.
Alcohol decreases the output of the antidiuretic hormone in the brain.
In the context of alcohol's mechanism of action, identify an effect of alcohol on gamma-aminobutryric acid, or GABA.
Alcohol enhances the inhicitory effects of GABA at the GABA-A receptor
___________ is a serious caused by prolonged alcohol intake that includes inflammation and impairment of liver function.
Alcoholic hepatitis
Arrange the stages in the malting of beer during the production of American beer in the order of their occurrence, from the first to the last.
Barley is steeped in water and allowed to sprout. Sprouted barley is dried to kill the sprout. Malt is crushed and mixed with water.
Match the types of champagnes (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).
Brut - the driest champagnes Extra dry - Sweet champanges
Match the types of champagnes (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).
Brut - the driest champagnes Extra dry - sweet champagnes
Which of the following is a negative consequence of Prohibition?
Buying and selling of alcohol illegally
The largest-selling imported beer in the United States is _________, from Mexico.
Corona
___________ is a process in which the solution containing alcohol is heated, and the vapors are collected and condensed into liquid form again.
Distillation
T/F: A higher blood alcohol concentration, or BAC, is necessary to impair the performance of a moderate drinker than to impair the performance of a chronic, heavy drinker.
False
T/F: According to a study on the influence of alcohol on sexual behavior, men are less likely to be aroused by violent, erotic films after consuming alcohol.
False
T/F: The culture of extreme drinking necessarily correlates well with overall alcohol consumption.
False
A level of ___________ and below is a safe blood alcohol concentration, or BAC, for driving under the influence of alcohol.
0.05
Removal of yeast from bottled or canned American beer is usually accomplished by ________.
pasteurization
The __________ is responsible for most absorption of alcohol in the body.
small intestine
Identify a consequence of heavy drinking on the heart of circulation.
Damage to the heart muscle.
Identify a true statement about fatty liver, which is a condition caused by alcohol.
Fatty acid droplets increase in size until they rupture the cell membrane, causing death of the liver cells.
After Congress initiated a significant tax increase on alcoholic beverages in 1991, the total increase in cost to the consumer resulted in _________.
about a 2% decrease in sales of beer and liquor during the first half of the year
It has been suggested that the accumulation of ___________, which is quite toxic even in small quantities, contributes to the nausea and headache during a hangover due to alcohol consumption.
acetaldehyde
The liver responds to chronic intake of alcohol by increasing the ________.
activity of metabolic enzymes
The major factoring determining the rate of alcohol metabolism is the __________.
activity of the stomach enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
Cynthia drank alcohol at a college party. She drank a lot of alcohol and vomited. She began drinking alcohol again after vomiting. In this scenario, a point to remember is that drinking after vomiting __________.
can lead to lethal concentrations of alcohol in the blood
During the process of fermentation, yeast recombines the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of sugar into ethyl alcohol and ________.
carbon dioxide
When alcohol is formed during distillation, other alcohols and oils that are known as __________ are also formed.
congeners
The facial and developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy is known as _________ _________ syndrome.
fetal alcohol
Canadian and Scotch whiskys are made __________.
from about two-thirds straight whisky and one-third grain neutral spirits
By filtering grain neutral spirits through juniper berries and then diluting it with water, a medicinal-tasting drink is produced. This drink is known as __________.
gin
As most American beer is sold in bottles or cans, yeast must be removed in order to _________.
prevent it from spoiling after packaging
In terms of beneficial aspects of alcohol on the heart, there has been speculation that _________ might have better effects than other forms of alcohol due to the presence of antioxidants.
red wine
An effect of alcohol on hormonal systems is that it ___________.
suppresses the production of the male sex hormone testosterone
In the context of alcohol distribution in the body, women might be more susceptible to the effects of alcohol because __________.
the stomach enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is more active in men than in women.
What happens when heavy alcohol use stops and the alcohol has disappeared from the body of a person who has been drinking alcohol heavily over a prolonged period?
High activity level of the metabolic enzymes continues for four to eight weeks.
Identify a reason for alcohol use of being a factor in AIDS.
Increased likelihood of engaging in unprotected sex
Identify a reason for alcohol use being factors in AIDS.
Increased likelihood related to sexual activities
According to studies on twins about alcohol dependence, it was observed that __________.
Inheritance plays a role in alcohol dependence
In the context of alcohol's mechanism of action, identify a disadvantage of using alcohol as an anesthetic.
It has a long duration of action that cannot be controlled.
Identify a true statement about alcohol-related liver cirrhosis.
It is a frequently deadly liver disorder associated with heavy alcohol use.
Identify a true statement about alcoholic hepatitis, which is a disease caused by prolonged alcohol intake.
It occurs in areas of the liver where cells are dead and dying.
Identify true statements about the impact of prohibition.
It reduced overall alcohol intake It led to a decrease in the rates of alcohol related deaths at the beginning
Lia is a lean woman weighing 180 pounds. Her friend Melissa also weighs 180 pounds, but she has a higher percentage of body fat. On one occasion, they drank the same amount of alcohol. In the context of the distribution of alcohol in the body, identify a true statement about the blood alcohol concentration, or BAC, found in Lia and Melissa.
Lia will have a lower BAC than Melissa.
Arrange the steps involved in the production of light beers in the correct order of occurrence.
Mash of barley malt and other cereal grains is fermented at a cooler temperature for a longer time. Alcohol content is adjusted by adding water. A beverage with considerably less sugar and only a bit less alcohol is produced.
States that did not allow sales of liquor became fewer until in 1966 __________, the last dry state, allowed sales of liquor
Mississippi
Identify the personality factors that describe an alcoholic personality.
Passive Impulsive Depressed
Identify a finding of surveys that studied the influence of alcohol on sexual behavior.
People are more likely to have sex on a date when they drink alcohol on that date.
Malt helps in the production of alcoholic beverages by _________.
converting the starch in cereal grains into sugar
Malt helps in the production of alcoholic beverages by __________.
converting the starch in cereal grains into sugar
Through the writings indicating a negative view of alcohol, Benjamin Rush _______.
introduced the concept of addiction to a psychoactive substance
Match the kinds of American wines (in the left column) with their naming patterns (in the right column).
Generics - named after European land areas where the original wines were produced Varietals - named after one variety of grape that makes up at least 51% of the grapes used in producing the wine
By filtering grain neutrals spirits through juniper berries and then diluting it with water, a medicinal-tasting drink is produced. This drink is known as __________.
Gin
Identify a primary criterion for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS
Growth retardation occurring before or after birth
______ is made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains, such as ground corn or rice.
Beer
T/F: Organized crime became less profitable as a result of Prohibition.
False
Identify an accurate statement about ale, which is a form of beer.
Flavor of the malt is retained due to the shorter fermentation time.
Identify a true statement about Scotch and Canadian whiskys.
Prohibition introduced these liquors to American drinkers
Identify a consequence of Prohibition at the beginning.
Sharp decline in hospital admissions for alcohol dependence
Identify the consequences of a significant tax increase on alcoholic beverages by Congress in 1991.
Tax on bottled wine increased sixfold to about 22 cents per bottle. Beer tax doubled to $18 per barrel
Identify a hormone-related disorder in men that is associated with chronic alcohol abuse.
Testicular Atrophy
Which of the following statements is true of liqueurs, or cordials?
They are usually consumed in small amounts.
Identify a true statement about light beers.
They contain about 10% less alcohol than strong beers.
Identify a true statement about patients with alcoholic dementia, which is an organic brain syndrome caused to alcohol toxicity.
They suffer from impaired problem solving.
Arrange the stages of abstinence syndrome that develops after ceasing alcohol use in the correct order of occurrence.
Tremors Hallucinations Delusions Seizure Activity
Identify the diseases associated with immune deficits seen in chronic alcohol abusers.
Tuberculosis Pneumonia Cholera
The disease model of alcohol dependence suggests that __________.
alcohol dependence is a progressive disease characterized by a loss of control over drinking
It was discovered many years ago in Spain that if enough _________ is added to a newly fermented wine the fermentation will stop.
brandy