chapter 9 and 10 A&P test review
dorsi flexion; tip toe
gastrocnemius
the major hip extensor
gluteous maximus
what group of muscle is on the the posterior thigh and they extend the hip?
hamstring muscle
definition of hernia
hernia is a weakness or tear in the abdominal muscle wall, which normally holds the inner lining of the abdomen and internal organs in place (i.e. inside, where they belong). The weakness or tear allows the inner lining to protrude and form a pouch. The bulge you might see is usually a loop of intestine protruding through the tear in the muscle and into that pouch.
the function of gluteus meteus and gluteus minimis (synergists)
hip adduction and abduction rotation
if we are using the word, biceps, triceps, quadriceps, what does it tell about the muscle
how many origins? biceps - 2 triceps - 3 quadriceps - 4
thigh flexors; paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh
iliopsoas and the rectus femoris
which muscles are contracted to exhale forcibly
internal intercostals and rectus abdominus
which is not a member of hamstring?
ischial tuberosity
sternocleidomastoid, where does it insert?
it inserts in mastoid process of the bone, origin: clavicle and sternum
during vigorous exercise there maybe insufficient oxygen available to completely breakdown pyruvic acid for energy? What happens to pyruvic acid, is it converted to what? No pyruvic acid turn into what?
lactic acid
the prime mover of arm extension?
latissimus dorsi
muscles involve in breathing process; which of the following is not a muscle primarily involved in the breathing process; both in inspiration and expiration
latmis dorsi
what are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
The most common symptoms of myasthenia gravis is weakness in the eye muscles, causing drooping eyelids and double vision. In some cases difficulty swallowing and slurred speech may be the first signs. The disease progresses downward, so breathing in then affected, followed by pelvic muscles, then leg muscles.
the muscle of mastication?
The muscles are: The masseter (composed of the superficial and deep head) The temporalis (the sphenomandibularis is considered a part of the temporalis by some sources, and a distinct muscle by others) The medial pterygoid.
main chewing muscle
masseter
muscle that responsible for closing the jaw, it originates in the zygomatic arch, elevates of closing the jaw.
masseter muscle
muscle contraction; sequence of events
motor neuron muscle potential -> leads to neurotransmitter release -> which then causes muscle cell action potential -> and that causes the release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum -> and then you have the ATP driven power stroke -> and finally sliding of myofilaments
what do you call a neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates?
motor unit
muscles that act on elbow flexion and muscles that act of elbow flexion
The pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis longus, three small muscles in the forearm, are also involved in elbow flexion, but not to the extent of the biceps, brachialis and brachioradialis. Biceps Brachii. The biceps brachii, a two-headed muscle, sits on the front of your upper arm and is the most visible elbow flexor. ... Brachioradialis. The brachioradialis is a long, thin muscle that extends down the thumb side of your forearm. ... Brachialis. ... Other Muscles. Triceps brachii: This muscle at the back of the upper arm extends the arm and stabilizes the elbow when the hand is used for fine movements. Brachioradialis: A forearm muscle that flexes the arm at the elbow. Anconeus: This muscle helps extend the forearm at the elbow.
superficial muscle that dorsi flexes the foot?
The range of movement varies. The triceps surae and fibularis longus muscles plantar-flex the foot. The tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles dorsiflex the foot (see fig. 16-5).
what is a muscle fiber? definition
muscle cell -
there are different types of fibers
muscle fibers - slow oxidative, fast oxidative, intermediate oxidative most of skeletal muscle are going to have mixture of those fibers
the origin and the insertion or the rumboid muscles
The rhomboid major muscle is on both sides of the back, within the spine and the shoulder blades. Origin: Rhomboid Major originate from spinous processes of T2 - T5 vertebrae. Insertion: It inserts into the medial border of the scapula from the level of the spine to the inferior angle.
from gross to microscopic, the parts of a muscle are: what order? from big to small?
muscle, fossicle, fiber
whistling and sucking
muscle; buccinator
dorsi flexion- moving up, dorsal portion
muscles that do plantarflexion? gastrocnemius
which contractile protein that shaped like a golf club?
myosin
sartorius muscle
The sartorius muscle (/sɑːrˈtɔːriəs/) is the longest muscle in the human body. It is a long, thin, superficial muscle that runs down the length of the thigh in the anterior compartment. The sartorius muscle can move the hip joint and the knee joint, but all of its actions are weak, making it a synergist muscle. At the hip, it can flex, weakly abduct, and laterally rotate the thigh. At the knee, it can flex the leg; when the knee is flexed, sartorius medially rotates the leg. Turning the foot to look at the sole or sitting cross-legged demonstrates all four actions of the sartorius.
what is the flexor of the trunk on the thigh?
The sartorius muscle is the main flexor of the thigh. This muscle is the longest muscle in the human body. It is both a flexor, an abductor and a rotator of the thigh at the hip joint, working in conjunction with other major muscles of the hip. The sartorius muscle is located at the anterior superior iliac spine on the lateral edge of the hip bone.
the action of scalene?
The scalene muscles are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the anterior scalene, middle scalene, and posterior scalene. They are innervated by the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical spinal nerves (C4-C6). The anterior and middle scalene muscles lift the first rib and bend the neck to the same side; the posterior scalene lifts the second rib and tilts the neck to the same side. The muscles are named from Ancient Greek σκαληνός (skalenos), meaning 'uneven'.The action of the anterior and middle scalene muscles is to elevate the first rib, they also flexes and laterally bends the neck to same side.The action of the posterior scalene is to elevate the second rib and tilt the neck to the same side.They also act as accessory muscles of inspiration, along with the sternocleidomastoid[1].
an aponeurosis is?
They are similar to tendon in function; connect muscle to bone but it is a wide sheet
the extrinsic movers of the tongue?
Tongue muscles can be extrinsic or intrinsic. ... The extrinsic muscles all include the word root glossus (glossus = "tongue"), and the muscle names are derived from where the muscle originates. The genioglossus (genio = "chin") originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward.
*the definition of primary mover (agonist)
What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called? an agonist
flexion and extension at the hip joint?
*
acetylcholine or ACh is the neurotransmitter of axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction and it binds to receptor on the muscle membrane
- it does not diffuse into the muscle cell - it does not cause motor neurons to depolarize
what is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle? the function of tropomyosin?
-Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. -A second polymer of the protein, tropomyosin, is an integral part of most actin filaments in animals. Tropomyosins are a large family of integral components of actin filaments that play a critical role in regulating the function of actin filaments in both muscle and nonmuscle cells.
levator
-elevates -a muscle whose contraction causes the raising of a part of the body. -a muscle that elevates an organ or structure
what is a triad made out of?
1 t tubule 2 terminal cisternae from sacroplasmic reticulum; not sarcomere and sarcomere
which of the following is not a muscle that makes up the hamstring
4 muscles that makeup the hamstring; biceps femoris semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartoris
agonist, antagonist, synergist
Agonist muscles are the primary movers during an exercise. It's the muscle that provides the major force, so with a biceps curl, the biceps is the agonist muscle during the contraction (on the way up). A antagonist muscle is the muscle that opposes the agonist. So using the same example, during a biceps curl, the triceps is the antagonist muscle. This muscle relaxes as the biceps contracts. A synergist muscle is one that stabilizes a joint around which movement is occurring and helps to create movement. So again with the curl example, the brachialis and brachioradialis are the synergists muscles. They assist the biceps muscle and stabilize the elbow.
Give an example of a muscle named for the number of tendons of origin.
Biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, etc.
Give an example of a muscle named for its shape.
Deltoid, trapezius, serratus anterior, rhomboid major, orbicularis oculi, pectineus, piriformis, platysma, quadratus femoris, gracilis, etc.
there are 4 muscles; the shape of this muscles named after its shape?
Deltoid, trapezius, serratus anterior, rhomboid major, orbicularis oculi, pectineus, piriformis, platysma, quadratus femoris, gracilis, etc.
Give an example of a muscle named for its action.
Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, adductor longus, levator scapulae, depressor labii inferioris, supinator, pronator teres, external anal sphincter, tensor fascia latae, rotatore, etc.
what is the definition of muscle tone? what is muscle tone
In physiology, medicine, and anatomy, muscle tone is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during resting state. It helps to maintain posture and declines during REM sleep.
all the muscles used in smiling?
Zygomaticus Major Muscles- draws angle of mouth up Zygomaticus Minor Muscle- same function Levator Labii Superiores Muscle- upper lip raises Levator Anguli Muscle superiores- raise angle of mouth up Levator Labii Superior Alaque Nasi Muscle- lifts upper lip and nose Risorious Muscle - draws mouth laterally Orbicularis occuli- closes eyes for that happy kiss ;)
what is the calcaneal tendon?
achilles tendon or the heel tendon, which muscle attaches to the calcaneus through the calcaneal tendon; gastrocnemius The Achilles tendon or heel cord, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is a tendon of the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone.
which protein forms thin filaments?
actin
the sliding filament model of contraction
actin and myosin slide pass each other and partially overlap
during muscle contraction myosin cross bridges attached to which active cytes?
actin cyte? actin and myosin
what an (I) band made out of?
actin or thin filaments
how is it that skeletal muscle gets energy or how is ATP produced; there is an anaerobic metabolic pathway and aerobic one.
anaerobic is when you only produce 2 pyruvic acid molecules from one glucose and what is that called? it happens outside of mitochondria in the cytoplasm; glycolysis.
knee extension and knee flexion (antagonist - opposing movements)
Knee Flexors: There are seven muscles that cross the knee joint posteriorly, and thus help in flexing the knee joint. These are the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, and gastrocnemius muscles. The lateral muscles (biceps femoris, lateral head of gastrocnemius and popliteus) are capable of producing valgus moments at the knee, while those on the medial side of the joint (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, medial head of gastrocnemius, sartorius and gracilis) can generate varus moments. Knee Extensors: The four Extensors of the knee, namely rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius are collectively known as the Quadriceps femoris muscle. The Quadriceps tendon inserts into the proximal aspect of patella and then continues distally past the patella as the patellar tendon.
what is a terminal cisternae made out of?
are part of sarcoplasmic reticulum; made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
after there is no more nervous stimulation, what prevents ACh or acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction
because acetylcholinesterase destroys ACh
what is the function of myoglobin?
Myoglobin contains a heme (prosthetic) group which is responsible for its main function (carrying of oxygen molecules to muscle tissues). Myoglobin can exist in the oxygen free form, deoxymyoglobin, or in a form in which the oxygen molecule is bound, called oxymyoglobin.
the quadriceps
Quadriceps femoris muscle, large fleshy muscle group covering the front and sides of the thigh. It has four parts: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
this muscle is named for the direction of its fiber?
Rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, external oblique, etc.
the dark band of skeletal muscle is made up of what?
both thick and thin filaments (A) dark bands (I) bands thin filaments only
what muscle in the tennis player; in the tennis elbow
brachial radialis
muscle that compresses the cheek when you whistle
buccinator
at the neuromuscular junction the electrical signal of the nerve is going to cause the axon terminal,
cause to release acetylcholine
pectoralis major where does it originates
clavicle and sternum
muscle tissue has properties; which of the following is not a property of muscle tissue
d. secretion
muscles of inspiration, the prime mover inspiration and other that help? synergists
diapgram and the external intercostals
what covers the individual muscle fiber?
endomysium
what surrounds the an individual muscle cell?
endomysium
what covers the entire muscle? what connective tissue covers the entire muscle?
epimysium
which muscle extend the great toe
extensor and hallux; extensor halluxis longus
what muscle is primarily responsible for preventing foot drop? if it works correctly
extensor digitorum longus
sternocleidomastoid
The function of this muscle is to rotate the head to the opposite side or obliquely rotate the head. It also flexes the neck. When both sides of the muscle act together, it flexes the neck and extends the head. When one side acts alone, it causes the head to rotate to the opposite side and flexes laterally to the same side (ipsilaterally).
the wrist flexors
n anatomy, flexor carpi radialis is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and (radial) abduct the hand. The Latin carpus means wrist; hence flexor carpi is a flexor of the wrist. Flexor Carpi Radialis The two flexors of the wrist, the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris, are both superficial muscles lying directly beneath the skin. The flexor carpi radialis arises from the medial (internal) condyle of the humerus and intermuscular septa and lies between the pronator radii teres externally and the palmaris longus internally. It runs obliquely across the forearm, striking the wrist at about the junction of the middle and outer thirds. It lies next to and to the outer side of the palmaris longus tendon and to the ulnar side of the radial artery and inserts into the front of the base of the second metacarpal bone (Fig. 324). Flexor Carpi Ulnaris The flexor carpi ulnaris arises by two heads, one from the common tendon of the medial (internal) condyle and the other from the olecranon process and upper two-thirds of the ulna. The two heads are separated by the ulnar nerve, which passes down in the groove between the medial condyle and olecranon process. The muscle passes straight down the anterior and inner surface of the ulna to insert first into the pisiform bone and unciform process and then to continue over to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. The pisiform bone is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. Both the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris flex the hand at the wrist. When the ulnaris alone acts it tends to tilt the hand inward; when the radialis acts alone it tends to incline the hand outward. Being superficial, these muscles are both important landmarks and guides to the arteries.
muscle that allow you to wink and blink
orbicularis oculi
which muscle closes the mouth, protudes the lips and purses the lips
orbicularis oris
what the prime mover of arm flexion is? (shoulder)
pectoralis major The pectoralis major has four actions which are primarily responsible for movement of the shoulder joint. The first action is flexion of the humerus, as in throwing a ball underhand, and in lifting a child. Secondly, it adducts the humerus, as when flapping the arms.
what covers the fascicle?
perimysium
when a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
refractory period
another muscle used in smiling
risorius muscle
What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle called?
sarcomere
what extends from z disc to z disc/ z line to z line?
sarcomere
sarcomere? what is sarcomere made out of?
sarcomere consist of orderly arrangements of actin and myosin
what structure in skeletal muscle cells function in calcium storage inside of the muscle fiber?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the hamstring; flex the knee extend the hip quadruceps muscle flex the hip extend the knee
set of muscle; thigh muscles have affects on the knee and hip
of the the 3 types of muscle cells; which one can regenerate?
smooth muscle cells are the ones that have the highest potential to regenerate
compare and contrast; cardiac, smooth and striated muscle
striated muscle cells are long cylindrical and they have many nuclei cardiac muscle cells usually have either 1 or 2 nuclei at the most smooth muscle cells have only 1 nucleus smooth muscle cells do not have t tubules cardiac muscles are found only where? the heart
what do you call the space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma?
synaptic cleft -
what is an indentation of the sarcolemma that carries electrical signals deep into the muscle cells?
t tubule
what structure attaches muscle to bone?
tendon
Tendons are different from ligaments;
tendons - bind muscle to bone ligaments - bind bone to bone
which of the following is not the rotator cuff muscle? infraspinatus subscapularis supraspinatus teres major
teres major
the thigh, anterior muscle will do what to the knee? posterior muscles will do what to the knee? t
the anterior muscles is gonna be the quadriceps and posterior muscles is gonne be the hamstring
neuromuscular junction is made of what?
the axon terminal, committing close proximity but not touching the muscular portion (muscle fiber)
what is the definition of glycolysis?
the catabolism of carbohydrates, as glucose and glycogen, by enzymes, with the release of energy and the production of lactic or pyruvic acid.
boxers muscle
the seratus anterior
the action of the sternocleidomastoid?
the sternocleidomastoid, you have 2 of them, one of each side, so when they are both acting together they cause a specific movement; if one them is acting but the other is not it cause something else; know both pairs of sternocleidomastoid The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve. It is given the name sternocleidomastoid because it originates at the manubrium of the sternum (sterno-) and the clavicle (cleido-), and has an insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull.
the main factor that determines the power of a muscle?
the total number of muscle fibers available for contraction
which muscles is a forearm extensor or the elbow
the triceps brachi
which of these is not a way of classifying muscles?
the type of muscle fibers
muscles are named based on all the criteria below except;
they are not named based on the color of the muscle,
myosin
thick filaments
actin
thin filaments
what is the function of neuromuscular junction?
to convey a signal from the nervous system to skeletal muscle
what is the functional role of the t tubules?
to enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
Identify four muscles of quadriceps
vastus lateralis, medius, intermedius rectus femoris
this muscle is used for smiling?
zygomaticus