Chapter 9: Brain & Behavior

Humans are MOST sensitive to sound with frequencies in the range of ___________ A) 1000-3000 Hz B) 200-400 Hz C) 2000-20,000 Hz D) 1000-4000 Hz

1000-4000 Hz

We are most sensitive to sounds between ___________ Hz and _____________ Hz. a) 500; 20000 b) 1000; 4000 c) 30; 200 d) 3000; 10000

1000; 4000

The range of human hearing is about ______ A)20 - 200,000 Hz B) 2 - 20,000 Hz C) 20 - 20,000 Hz D) 200 - 2000 Hz

20 - 20,000 Hz

Which sound frequency does NOT seem to produce maximal vibration at a specific point in the basilar membrane? A) 20,000 Hz B) 10,400 Hz C) 8200 Hz D) 20 Hz

20 Hz

The ossicles (middle ear bones) amplify sound approximately ________ A) 30-fold B) 4-fold C) 100-fold D) 1000-fold

30-fold

A lesion of the angular gyrus would most probably result in a) Aphasia b) Alexia c) Anomia d) Neglect

Alexia

Someone with damage to the pre-motor cortex would most likely have difficulty ______ A) naming tools B) using verbs C) imagining hand movements D) all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following refers to the inability to name objects a) Agraphia b) Anomia c) Alexia d) Aphasia

Anomia

Mirror neurons ________; this might explain why we find them in _______. A) are found only in humans; the motor cortex B) Are active only doing with you; the angular gyrus C) Are found only in nonhuman animals; chimpanzees and not humans D) Are active during observation and imitation; Broca's and Wernicke's areas

Are active during observation and imitation; Broca's and Wernicke's areas

Mirror neurons___________ a) Are most active when listening to language b) Are missing in chimpanzees c) Are found in the prefrontal cortex d) Are most active during imitation of another's movement

Are most active during imitation of another's movement

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, when we give a spoken response to an oral question, what is the sequence of brain activation? A) auditory cortex to Broca's area to Wernicke's area B) Broca's area to Wernicke's area to auditory cortex C) Auditory cortex to Wernicke's area to Broca's area

Auditory cortex to Wernicke's area to Broca's area

Babies exposed only to American Sign Language______ A) will babble in gestures, but only if they are deaf B) babble in gestures, but at a later age than that at which babies exposed to spoken language begin babbling in sounds C) babble in gestures at about the same age as babies exposed to spoken language babble in sounds D) are at a disadvantage for language learning, because sign language is not a true language

Babble in gestures at about the same age as babies exposed to spoken language babble and sounds

People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex: a) Are rendered completely deaf b) Cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sound c) Cannot hear soft sounds d) Can no longer hear and recognize simple sounds

Cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sound

A phonological Symptom of dyslexia is ______ A) difficulty distinguishing speech sounds from each other B) confusing mirror image letters like b and d C) reading words backward D) difficulty tracking words on a page

Difficulty distinguishing speech sounds from each other

Which of the following species has not demonstrated a possible capacity for language? A) dog B) African gray parrot C) bonobo D) dolphin

Dog

The _________________ equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with the outside world. a) organ of Corti b) pinna c) Eustachian tube d) vestibular canal

Eustachian tube

One interesting genetic finding is that humans share in the ______ gene with chimpanzees, though the genes differ by two amino acids. However, our version is identical to those found in _______. A) FOXP2; gorillas B) COMT; songbirds C) FOXP2; Neanderthals D) GEN3C; bonobos

FOXP2; Neanderthals

There is evidence that the right hemisphere may assume left hemisphere language functions _____ A) in adults who have suffered strokes or other injurys B) adults who learn a second language C) in children under five who suffer from brain injury D) in children who require two languages simultaneously

In children under five who suffer from brain injury

In MOST people, the Wernicke's area is found in the _______ lobe. A) left frontal B) right frontal C) left temporal D) right temporal

Left temporal

Which of the following is true? A) Left-handed people are more likely to show left-hemisphere dominance for language than right-hemisphere dominance for language B) all right-handed people show left-hemisphere dominance for language C) left- and right-handed people are both more likely to show left-hemisphere dominance for language D) the hemisphere dominant for language has no relationship to whether someone is left- or right-handed

Left- and right-handed people are both more likely to show left-hemisphere dominance for language

In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to: a) Electromagnetic energy b) Mechanical displacement c) Pain d) Chemicals

Mechanical displacement

Broca's area lies anterior and adjacent to the ________ A) motor cortex B) auditory cortex C) somatosensory cortex D) visual cortex

Motor cortex

Which of the following animals probably would you expect to have the MOST difficulty localizing sounds using binaural cues? A) elephant B) alligator C) mouse D) owl

Mouse

At 15,000-Hz tone will produce the greatest vibrations at which point along the basilar membrane? A) near the base B) at the apex C) near the apex D) in the middle

Near the base

The highest frequency sounds stimulate hair cells: a) Near the base of the tectorial membrane b) Along the entire basilar membrane c) Near the base of the basilar membrane d) At the apex of the cochlea

Near the base of the basilar membrane

Humans localize low frequency sounds by _______ differences and high frequency_________ a) Timing; phase b) Phase; loudness c) Phase; timing d) Loudness; phase

Phase; loudness

What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases? a) Loudness decreases b) Pitch gets higher c) Pitch gets lower d) Loudness increases

Pitch gets higher

Based on information in the text, which language capability in nonhuman animals has the least support? A) using signs and symbols to communicate with humans B) producing grammatically correct sentences C) using signs and symbols to communicate with each other D) teaching their offspring signs and symbols

Producing grammatically correct sentences

Which of the following canals is NOT found in the cochlea? A) Vestibular canal B) tympanic canal C) cochlear canal D) semicircular Canal

Semicircular Canal

If you see a particular pattern of dots on a wall but do not realize that the pattern is that of a dog, you have experienced a ________ A) perception B) sensation C)conversation D) translation

Sensation

Someone with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty a) Remembering names of objects b) Understanding written language c) Speaking d) Understanding spoken language

Speaking

According to the frequency theory: a) The basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present b) The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at same frequency c) The tectorial membrane vibrates in synchrony with the sound d) The auditory nerve responds to pitch but not loudness

The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at same frequency

The tympanic membrane vibrates at: a) The same frequency as the sound waves that hit it b) A much higher frequency than the sound waves that hit it c) Half of the frequency of the sound waves that hit it d) A constant frequency regardless of the frequency of the sound

The same frequency as the sound waves that hit it

Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty: a) Understanding speech b) Reading aloud c) Articulating speech d) Writing

Understanding speech

The volley theory was proposed by ____________ A) Rutherford B) Helmholtz C) Bekesy D) Wever

Wever

Dyslexia has a higher incidence rate in languages _______ A) with symbolic, not letter, representation B) with a higher number of possible words in them C) with different pronunciations of the same spelling D) that differ from other languages by only a few sounds

With different pronunciations of the same spelling

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Broca's aphasia? A) impairment in writing B) word salad C) agrammatic speech D) difficulty with articulation

Word salad

If you go up to 30,000 feet in an airplane, and your ears start hurting, what problem do you need to alleviate? A) You need to open the oval windows B) you need to open your Eustachian tubes C) you need to activate your middle ear bones D) your tympanic membranes have ruptured

You need to open your Eustachian tubes

The angular gyrus connects the visual production area with the ______ A) auditory association areas B) visual association areas C) motor cortex D) a and b

a and b

A sound frequency of 50 Hz is located by which of the following cues? A) phase difference B) intensity difference C) timing difference D) a and c

a and c

Which of the following are binaural cues? (Choose all that apply) a) interaural timing difference b) interaural intensity difference c) interaural spatial difference d) interaural pitch difference

a) interaural timing difference b) interaural intensity difference

Sound may be conducted through __________ A) air B) water C) bone D) all of the above

all of the above

Frank had a mini stroke while driving home, but he did not realize it until later that afternoon when he found he couldn't write a shopping list. He also was surprised that he couldn't read the newspaper. Since he could still hear and speak normally, what part of his brain was affected by the stroke? A) planum temporale B) Broca's area C) Wernicke's area D) angular gyrus

angular gyrus

People with Wernicke's aphasia ________ A) have difficulty saying words B) have difficulty understanding others C) produce utterances that have no meaning D) b and c

b and c

Hair cells rest within the _______, and the hairs are imbedded in the _______. A) helicotrema;basilar membrane B) tectorial membrane; basilar membrane C) basilar membrane; tectorial membrane D) tympanic membrane; helicotrema

basilar membrane; tectorial membrane

Differences in timing are processed using ______, which fire only when sounds from both ears reach it at the same time. A) sound shadows B) coincidence detectors C) reflector plates D) binaural cells

coincidence detectors

In humans, binaural cues for localizing sound are processed by cells in the __________. A) planum temporale B) nucleus laminaris C) medial superior olivary nucleus D) medial geniculate nucleus

medial superior olivary nucleus

Neurons from the left ear project________ A) exclusively to the right hemisphere B) exclusivity to the left hemisphere C) mostly to the right hemisphere D) mostly to the left hemisphere

mostly to the right hemisphere

Tonotopically organized means: a) auditory information follows the dorsal or ventral stream b) the basilar membrane vibrates at different places based on frequency of sound c) there is a spatial map associated with sound d) neurons from adjacent receptor locations project to adjacent cells in the cortex

neurons from adjacent receptor locations project to adjacent cells in the cortex

We experienced the frequency of a sound as _________ A) pitch B) loudness C) amplitude D) intensity

pitch

Bekesy Discovered that the basilar membrane is stiffer at one end then at the other, and not a series of piano strings as earlier envisioned by Helmholtz. This discovery led directly to the _______ theory of pitch perception. A) frequency B) telephone C) place D) volley

place

The _______________ theory says that encoding sound frequency depends on the location of maximal vibration on the basilar membrane. a) frequency b) telephone c) contrast d) place

place

The most likely developmental anomaly in the language centers of the brain that give rise to dyslexia is a lateralized difference in the size of the ______ A) arcuate fasciculus B) planum temporale C) Wernicke's area D) Broca's area

planum temporale

When hair cells bend, _______ channels open, causing depolarization. A) sodium and chloride B) potassium and calcium C) calcium and sodium D) chloride and calcium

potassium and calcium

Hair cells complete which function in hearing? A) amplification B) conduction C) vibration D) reception

reception

What physiological limitation prevents a single auditory neuron from reliably tracking a high-frequency tone (such as one at 10,000 Hz)? A) glucose availability B) refractory period C) basilar membrane stiffness D) temporal harmonics

refractory period

Phenomes are ________________ ? a) grammatical rules of language b) frequencies that we hear c) small units of speech that distinguish one word from another d) pure tones

small units of speech that distinguish one word from another

Vibrations are initiated in the Cochlear by way of the _______ against the wall the oval window. A) stapes/stirrup B) malleus/hammer C) incus/anvil D) helicotrema

stapes/stirrup

Which structure helps to screen out background noise and focus on relevant sounds? A) medial geniculate nucleus B) frontal lobe C) parietal lobe D) superior olivary nucleus

superior olivary nucleus

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ______ lobe. A) temporal B) frontal C) parietal D) occipital

temporal

To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent? a) Frontal b) Temporal c) Occipital d) Parietal

temporal

At a low frequency, sound intensity is coded by __________ A) the number of neurons responding B) the volley pattern of neurons C) the point of the basilar membrane responding D) none of the above

the number of neurons responding

A pure tone is most likely to be pronounced by a __________ A) clarinet B) tuning fork C) air conditioner D) flute

tuning fork