chapter 9

Stage five

social contract: behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights (doesn't want to harm business but has a social contract with his wife)

germinal, embryonic, fetal

stages of prenatal development

Developmental psychology

the branch of psychology that explores physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of development across the lifespan

personal fable

the common belief among adolescents that their feelings and experiences cannot possibly be understood by others and that they are personally invulnerable to harm

Stage six

universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles (life is worth more or breaking the law is never okay)

sensorimotor

According to Jean Piaget, children do not yet understand object permanence at the beginning of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

Erik Erikson

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

animistic thinking

Ari is three-years old and believes the moon has feelings. He is sure to tell the moon goodnight before he goes to bed. Ari is demonstrating:

fluid intelligence

Declining in middle and later adulthood, the ability to think abstractly and flexibly in solving problems is referred to as:

pre-conventional

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

imaginary audience

Fifteen-year-old Mareek believes that other people are as interested in him as he is. This reflects which aspect of adolescent cognitive development?

disorganized (type D)

Infant exhibits inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

Palmer grasp

Katie's best friend, Jasmine, just had a baby. When Katie touches the baby's palm, he grabs her finger. Although Katie finds this incredibly cute, she knows that the baby is just demonstrating the _____ reflex.

Difficult

Leila is nine-months old and has an irritable disposition. She has difficulty sleeping through the night and her mother has been unable to get Leila on a regular feeding schedule. Leila's mother works from home and Leila cries whenever her mother's clients come over to the house. How would you describe Leila's temperament?

object permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify

conventional

Moral reasoning based on conformity with social rules is characteristic of which level of moral development?

Secure Type (Type B)

Mothers as secure base for exploration. cries when they leave stops when they come back

assimilation

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because her family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

discontinuous

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

authoritative

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

autoritative

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

Assimilation

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already know (cats have four legs)

Accommodation

adjustment of schema to accommodate new information; or creation of a new schema (cows have four legs but not a cow)

Stage four

authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order

Stage two

individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest and rewards (doesn't want to go to jail or doesn't want his wife to die)

Stage three

interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval (should steal drug to save his wife if he doesn't he will be a bad husband)

egocentrism

jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

Ego identity

- the attainment of a psychological sense of knowing oneself and one's direction in life

Adolescence

- the period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood

accommodation

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look daddy, apples!" His father tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies

schema

A ________ is a concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Rooting

April touches the cheek of her two-month old daughter, Harriet. In response, Harriet turns her head toward the touch in search of her mother's breast. Harriet is demonstrating the _____ reflex.

conservation

Billie's parents tell him to share his candy bar with his younger sister, Max. At first, he breaks the candy bar into five even pieces and gives her two pieces while keeping three for himself. When she complains that he did not share the candy bar fairly, he breaks one of her pieces into two. Max is satisfied now that they both have three pieces of the candy bar. What concept does Billie understand that Max doesn't, allowing him to trick her?

post-conventional

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.

permissive

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Charles will experience progressive deterioration of his mental functioning.

Charles has Alzheimer's disease. What can Charles and his family expect in the coming years?

insecure-resistant (type C)

Clingy, seeking high proximity. Don't explore. Demonstrate high stranger and separation anxiety. Aren't easily comforted at reunion, resist comforting.

Temperament

Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves and reacts with the environment

preoperational

Joe is three-years-old and highly egocentric. He understands object permanence but does not yet understand conservation. Joe is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

genes and biology

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is the leading cause of dementia

teratogens

are environmental agents that may harm the developing baby, such as smoking, drinking, or pollution

Moro reflex

elicited by a sudden noise or loss of support; infant extends arms, arches

Stage one

obedience and punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment (doesn't want to go to jail or doesn't want his wife to die)

reversibility

objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

insecure-avoidant (type A)

pays little attention when mothers there and no distress when they leave

Conservation

physical properties do not change when their form or appearance change

vision

slowest sense to develop

Adaptation

the process of adjustment that enables people to function more effectively in meeting the demands they face in the environment

Animistic thinking

to Piaget, the child's belief that inanimate objects have living qualities

Babinski reflex

toes fan out and curl combined with inward twisting of the foot when sole of foot stroked

insecure-avoidant

Rachel and her daughter, Emma, are participating in a replication of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Emma paid little attention to Rachel when she was in the room. When Rachel leaves the room, Emma shows little distress. Finally, when Rachel returns, Emma ignored her. Based on Emma's behavior, it is most likely that Emma has a(n) _____ attachment style.

Authoritarian

Robin's parents are incredibly strict and rarely show her love and affection. What type of parenting style do Robin's parents have?

Which of the following illustrates conservation

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

What is the primary determinant of a child's attachment style

The consistency with which their needs are met by their caregiver

contact comfort

The primary finding from the Harlows' study of rhesus monkeys was that _____ is a stronger determinant of attachment than food

contact comfort

The primary finding from the Harlows' study of rhesus monkeys was that _____ is a stronger determinant of attachment than food.

secure

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of development over the entire lifespan.

What do developmental psychologists study?

environment and culture

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational

What is the correct order of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

The consistency with which their needs are met by their caregiver.

What is the primary determinant of a child's attachment style

Physical

development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Cognitive

development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

cognitive

development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity