Chapter 9: Food and Agriculture

This individual won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for work contributing to the green revolution. a. Normal Borlaug b. Andrew Carnegie c. John D. Rockefeller d. Ester Boserup e. Henry Ford II

a. Normal Borlaug

A major practice of sustainable agriculture is a. an increased "green revolution" use of chemicals. b. limited use of chemicals. c. exclusive use of GMO seeds. d. use of pesticide resistant seed. e. the lack of integration of crops and livestock.

b. limited use of chemicals.

The primary factor in von Thünen's model for choosing commercial farm products is a. market location. b. labor cost. c. land price. d. soil character. e. climate.

a. market location.

Prime agricultural land in the United States is being replaced with a. urban land uses. b. grazing lands. c. nature preserves. d. military bases. e. oil drilling.

a. urban land uses.

Which statement correctly describes hunting and gathering? a. After the fall of the Soviet Union, this form of nomadism disappeared in the late 1900s. b. Because of the need for a division of labor, hunter gatherers cannot survive when living in groups of less than 100 people. c. Despite the modernization of agriculture in some areas, this form of subsistence is still practiced. d. After the invention of agriculture, all humans continued to obtain food this way. e. Because of industrialization and the modernization of agriculture, this form of subsistence disappeared in the mid-1900s.

c. Despite the modernization of agriculture in some areas, this form of subsistence is still practiced.

Which of the following have aided commercial farmers in developed countries? a. transportation improvements and sea-level rise b. scientific advances and a reduced need for electronics c. ancient irrigation projects retrofitted for modern farming d. transportation improvements, scientific advances, and electronics e. climate change, scientific advances, and transportation improvements

d. transportation improvements, scientific advances, and electronics

Which of the following factors provides a dramatic contrast in food production between developed and developing countries? a. climate suitable to grow food b. efficiency of shipping c. cultural preference d. money to purchase food e. mechanization of agriculture

e. mechanization of agriculture

Which example illustrates a sustainable land management practice? a. clearing away crop residue after harvest b. allowing topsoil to naturally erode due to wind and rain c. increasing irrigation to prevent against drought d. feeding livestock together in one concentrated area e. practicing no tillage farming

e. practicing no tillage farming

Use Figure 9-16 to answer the question. Which statement about the international drug trade is TRUE? a. The United States is the largest consumer of cocaine. b. Southern Africa exports the most cocaine. c. Afghanistan is the leading exporter of cocaine. d. Western Europe is the leading consumer of heroin. e. Colombia is the leading exporter of heroin.

a. The United States is the largest consumer of cocaine.

Which statement is TRUE regarding societies that practice hunting and gathering? a. They are mostly on the peripheral of world settlement. b. They occur nearly everywhere but are especially common in Europe. c. They tend to establish large settlements of about 500 people. d. They are responsible for most of the environmental degradation of the planet. e. They make up about 15 percent of the world's people.

a. They are mostly on the peripheral of world settlement.

Which is the best description of a GMO (genetically modified organism)? a. mixes and alters genetic material from species that would not otherwise mix in nature b. mixes pollinator species to ensure plant diversity c. controls soil components to ensure plant hardiness d. extracts genetic material from a plant organism to remove recessive genes e. controls irrigation and sunlight to train the plant toward hardiness

a. mixes and alters genetic material from species that would not otherwise mix in nature

Which is the LEAST likely strategy subsistence farmers would use in order to increase productivity? a. purchasing hybrid seeds and pesticides b. increasing irrigation c. increasing the terracing of land d. using plows instead of hoes e. decreasing or eliminating fallow times

a. purchasing hybrid seeds and pesticides

Farmers in developing countries choose to grow drug crops for export primarily because of a. the market value in developed countries. b. their resentment of the freedoms enjoyed by developed countries. c. their proximity to local markets. d. the high prices for food crop exports. e. their desire to fund terrorist organizations.

a. the market value in developed countries.

Which of the following statements regarding pastoral nomadism in dry climates is correct? a. Because the environment is arid, nomads mostly eat their herd animals instead of grain. b. Governments force groups to give up pastoral nomadism because they want the land for other uses. c. Nomads exclusively select their animals based on the ability of the species to adapt to the local climate. d. Faced with the challenges of arid environments, nomads concentrate all of their time and resources on herding, precluding other economic activities. e. Pastoralists wander randomly across arid landscapes searching for water.

b. Governments force groups to give up pastoral nomadism because they want the land for other uses.

Which of the following is a way that farmers in developing countries can increase their income from trade? a. Increase the percentage of GMO crops. b. Grow and export out-of-season fruits and vegetables to developed countries. c. Grow crops for sale only in the local market, rather than for export. d. Avoid methods that require additional machinery. e. Leave land fallow for longer periods.

b. Grow and export out-of-season fruits and vegetables to developed countries.

Which of the following statements about fish production or consumption is correct? a. All of the fish produced are consumed by humans. b. Growth in global fish production is entirely due to the expansion of aquaculture. c. Global fish production is lower than demand. d. Most of the increase in fish consumption is in developed countries. e. Ten percent of the world's fish stocks have been overfished.

b. Growth in global fish production is entirely due to the expansion of aquaculture.

Which country does NOT export more food than it imports? a. Australia b. Mexico c. India d. Canada e. Brazil

b. Mexico

Which statement identifies a characteristic of subsistence agriculture? a. Subsistence farmers have more tractors per hectare of land than do commercial farmers. b. Subsistence farmers do not rely on machinery to perform work; rather, they rely on people or animals. c. Subsistence farmers make up a small portion of the population in developing countries. d. Subsistence farms are relatively large due to the need to feed the farmers directly. e. Subsistence farmers often use scientific advances and electronics.

b. Subsistence farmers do not rely on machinery to perform work; rather, they rely on people or animals.

The largest consumer of California water is a. cities and swimming pools. b. agriculture. c. lawn watering and golf courses. d. water parks. e. industry.

b. agriculture.

The greatest challenge to world food supply has been a. global warming. b. food prices. c. limited labor. d. drought. e. military conflict.

b. food prices.

Ranching is practiced in a climate region most similar to that of which other type of agriculture? a. grain b. pastoral nomadism c. Mediterranean agriculture d. shifting cultivation e. dairying

b. pastoral nomadism

Which of the following would NOT be a successful strategy for a commercial farmer in a developed country? a. investing in combines and other machinery b. reducing farm size by selling land to pay debts on machinery c. converting additional land to irrigated crops d. using GPS-enabled equipment for precise planting and harvesting e. renting more land from nearby farmers

b. reducing farm size by selling land to pay debts on machinery

More than 40% of all dietary energy consumption worldwide is based on grains, which are defined as a. beans and other cereals. b. seeds from grasses such as wheat, corn, and rice. c. roots of domesticated plants such as potatoes and carrots. d. kernels of corn and grains of rice. e. seeds from flowers and harvested nuts.

b. seeds from grasses such as wheat, corn, and rice.

In 1940 the number of farms in the United States was 6 million which declined by 1980 to a. 5.5 million. b. 1 million. c. 2 million. d. 10 million. e. 20,000.

c. 2 million.

The most significant amount of farmland committed to organic agriculture are found in a. Argentina. b. Canada. c. Australia. d. the United States. e. Brazil.

c. Australia.

Use Figure 9-5 to answer the question. Countries in which at least 40% of protein comes from meat would include a. Argentina, Australia, and South Africa. b. Brazil, Canada, and India. c. Brazil, Canada, Russia. d. Brazil, Australia, and India. e. Ethiopia, Iran, and India.

c. Brazil, Canada, Russia.

Potatoes were domesticated in the agricultural hearth located in a. East Asia. b. Sub-Saharan Africa. c. Latin America. d. Southeast Asia. e. Southwest Asia.

c. Latin America.

Which of the following is NOT true about GMOs? a. Africa is reluctant to adopt GMOs because it negatively influences their export opportunities to Europe. b. Over 75 percent of all foodstuffs Americans consume has at least one GMO ingredient. c. The United States has embraced the idea of labeling GMO foods. d. North America produces around 50 percent of all GMO foods. e. Approximately 12 percent of all farmland, worldwide, is devoted to GMO crops.

c. The United States has embraced the idea of labeling GMO foods.

The fact that meat accounts for one-third of all protein intake in developed countries but only one-tenth in developing ones suggests a. developed nations do not produce sufficient grains to replace meat consumption. b. there is a cultural taboo against meat in developing nations. c. developed nations can afford more meat per capita. d. developing nations do not have sufficient grazing land. e. developing nations are vegetarians by choice.

c. developed nations can afford more meat per capita.

The decline in the number of farmers in developed countries such as the United States and Canada can best be explained as a consequence of a. push/pull economic factors, including greater opportunities in rural areas and lower-paying jobs in urban areas. b. urban sprawl, including the development of rings of suburbs and exurbs around major metropolitan areas, which required larger amounts of farm production. c. push/pull economic factors, including the lack of opportunity in rural areas and higher-paying jobs in urban areas. d. the increase of populations in urban areas and the reduced population in rural areas. e. the spread of disease and starvation in rural areas, which quickly reduced the population of farmers.

c. push/pull economic factors, including the lack of opportunity in rural areas and higher-paying jobs in urban areas.

The green revolution is first associated with which "miracle" seed? a. barley b. corn c. wheat d. rice e. soy

c. wheat

The food industry accounts for 21 million jobs in the United States, but the percentage of the population who are farmers is only a. 4%. b. 2.8%. c. .5%. d. 1%. e. 5%.

d. 1%.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the distribution and status of undernourishment in the world today? a. All developing countries have had an increase in the number of undernourished citizens. b. Undernourishment is increasing at a greater rate in the developing world. c. China has had the largest increase in undernourishment. d. According to U.N. estimates, the world's 815 million undernourished people live in both developed and developing countries. e. People in developed countries are consuming, on average, half the recommended minimum of calories.

d. According to U.N. estimates, the world's 815 million undernourished people live in both developed and developing countries.

In which region of the world does the threat of famine persist today? a. Southeast Asia b. South Asia c. Congo River Basin d. Horn of Africa and the Sahel e. Central America

d. Horn of Africa and the Sahel

Use Figure 9-18 to answer the question. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The Sahara is a static and stable boundary. b. Areas with a low hazard rating today will never be vulnerable to desertification. c. The highest hazard rating is found only in the Middle East. d. The highest hazard regions tend to border existing arid regions. e. Desertification is restricted to inland locations.

d. The highest hazard regions tend to border existing arid regions.

The predominant form of agriculture in the U.S. Southeast is a. mixed crop and livestock. b. Mediterranean agriculture. c. dairy farming. d. commercial gardening. e. plantation farming.

d. commercial gardening.

Which farming practice reduces soil erosion and runoff? a. short fallow b. truck farming c. multi-cropping d. conservation tillage e. swidden farming

d. conservation tillage

Which of the following characteristics of dairy agriculture creates a challenge for farmers? a. mechanization reducing the need for dairy farmers b. the cost of building and maintaining a large milkshed c. the requirement to live on remote farms where there is ample pasture for the cows d. cost of purchasing feed for cows year-round, especially in cold climates e. the declining market for cheese due to health concerns

d. cost of purchasing feed for cows year-round, especially in cold climates

What role are export crops designed to play in the economies of developing countries? a. generate money for increased military spending b. replace cash crops with edible subsistence with cash crop c. slower the price of food in developing countries d. generate foreign currency that may be used to purchase agricultural supplies e. reduce unemployment

d. generate foreign currency that may be used to purchase agricultural supplies

Which pair correctly links a domesticated crop and animal with their common regional hearth? a. yams and cattle b. walnuts and goats c. rice and sheep d. potatoes and the llama e. maize and the horse

d. potatoes and the llama

After maize, the most important crop in the U.S. mixed crop and livestock region is a. wheat. b. barley. c. fruits and vegetables. d. soybeans. e. sugar beets.

d. soybeans.

Subsistence farmers are able to expand production through a. slash and burn agriculture. b. producing cash crops for revenue to purchase food. c. participating more regularly in periodic markets. d. switching to high-yield seeds, using fertilizers, and increasing mechanization. e. switching to livestock grazing and monoculture.

d. switching to high-yield seeds, using fertilizers, and increasing mechanization.

The diffusion of plants and animals following the discovery of the Americas is known as a. the agricultural revolution. b. the global exchange. c. New World diffusion. d. the Columbian Exchange. e. triangular trade.

d. the Columbian Exchange.

Dietary energy consumption is best defined as a. the number of calories in relation to diet. b. the amount of energy absorbed per calorie. c. the average food consumption worldwide per day. d. the amount of food that an individual consumes. e. the number of calories in a meal.

d. the amount of food that an individual consumes.

Use Figure 9-8 to answer the question. Which of conclusion about the distribution of types of agriculture and development is supported by the information in the map? a. More commercial farming takes place in the tropics. b. Countries with large populations also have fewer farmers. c. Countries with high employment in agriculture are also highly developed. d. Subsistence farmers are cut off from world markets. e. Countries with lower percentages employed in agriculture tend to be more developed.

e. Countries with lower percentages employed in agriculture tend to be more developed.

Refer to Figure 9-3 to answer the question. Which statement best describes why a choropleth map presenting data at the country level might be misleading? a. Even in developed countries where the average person spends less than 20 percent of their income on food, less food is available than in developing countries. b. In developed countries where the average person spends more than 40 percent of their income on food, other prices are so low that undernourishment is hardly ever a problem. c. Even in developing countries where the average person spends more than 40 percent of their income on food, wealthy people must also spend more than 40 percent of their income on food. d. In developed countries where the average person spends less than 20 percent of their income on food, the average upper-class person may spend more than 40 percent of their income on food. e. Even in developed countries where the average person spends less than 20 percent of their income on food, inequalities of income may be great enough for many people to remain undernourished.

e. Even in developed countries where the average person spends less than 20 percent of their income on food, inequalities of income may be great enough for many people to remain undernourished.

Which statement accurately identifies challenges in increasing the world's food supply? a. Prices for agricultural land have sharply declined. b. Even though food production in sub-Saharan Africa has increased, food production per capita has declined sharply. c. Increased competition from farmers growing biofuel crops has lowered the food prices. d. Supermarkets in the developing world compete to lower the prices of food for their customers. e. Food prices are now the greatest challenge to world food supply.

e. Food prices are now the greatest challenge to world food supply.

Use Figure 9-7 to answer the question. Which statement is TRUE? a. Emmer wheat, goats, and olives were domesticated in western Europe. b. Horses were domesticated in the Americas. c. Chickens were domesticated in the Americas. d. Pigs, goats, and sheep were domesticated in the Americas. e. Llamas, alpacas, and turkeys were domesticated in the Americas.

e. Llamas, alpacas, and turkeys were domesticated in the Americas.

Which of the following statements about plantation farming is correct? a. Plantations are usually situated in areas of high population density. b. Plantation farms do not sell their crops commercially. c. Plantation farms practice crop rotation so they can grow different crops in different years. d. Plantation farms are worked only by the farmers who own the land. e. Plantation farming played an important part in the U.S. South before the Civil War.

e. Plantation farming played an important part in the U.S. South before the Civil War.