Chapter 9

Qualitative research answers the ___________ and ____________ of behavior that are not easily explained through quantitative methods.

Answer: hows, whys (p. 187)

Qualitative research gathers _____________ information about phenomena and events, and in doing so, can sensitize nurses to ____________ experiences.

Answer: subjective, patient (pp. 187-189)

Qualitative research generates _____________ to explain phenomena and processes about which little is known.

Answer: theories (p. 187)

In qualitative research, confirmability refers to rigorous efforts by the researcher to a. be objective and maintain an audit trail to document the research process. b. transfer findings from one study to another study with similar context. c. interview the required number of participants and to keep accurate records. d. gather a sufficient amount of data and to accurately interpret that data.

a. be objective and maintain an audit trail to document the research process.

The research method based on making collective observations and that is used to study a particular culture is a. ethnography. b. phenomenology. c. historical. d. grounded theory.

a. ethnography.

The ____________ is often the key source of data in qualitative research. a. interview b. observation c. intervention d. experiment

a. interview

Volunteers in qualitative research studies are called a. participants. b. candidates. c. subjects. d. all of the above.

a. participants.

A qualitative study investigating the lived experience of women under the age of 25 who survived a liver transplant is an example of which sampling method? a. Informant b. Purposive c. Snowball d. Random

b. Purposive

Data saturation is a situation that occurs in qualitative research when a. the number of participants selected for the study becomes higher than needed. b. data collection stops when no new information is obtained and data collected has become repetitive. c. a specialized data analysis method is implemented.. d. it becomes necessary to implement a method for eliminating data once it has been repeated more than three times.

b. data collection stops when no new information is obtained and data collected has become repetitive.

What strategies are used to establish the credibility of qualitative research findings? a. sample validation, persistent observation, memoing, and peer debriefing. b. persistent observation, peer debriefing, referential adequacy, and member checks. c. snowball sampling, referential adequacy, persistent observation, and repeat interviewing. d. persistent observation, bracketing, member checks, and peer debriefing.

b. persistent observation, peer debriefing, referential adequacy, and member checks.

The research method used to study participants' lived experience is a. ethnography. b. phenomenology. c. historical. d. grounded theory.

b. phenomenology.

The difference between quantitative and qualitative research designs is that a. quantitative designs use words to describe or give meaning to a phenomenon, and qualitative designs use numbers. b. quantitative designs use numbers to give meaning to a phenomenon or an event, and qualitative designs rely on words. c. qualitative designs predict causality, while quantitative designs describe, predict, or explain phenomena. d. quantitative research is exploratory and inductive, while qualitative research aims to reach conclusions by deduction and hypothesis testing.

b. quantitative designs use numbers to give meaning to a phenomenon or an event, and qualitative designs rely on words.

Researchers using qualitative methods conduct ___________, which is the time they spend interacting with participants through interviews, observations, and maintaining detailed records. a. focus groups b. trials c. fieldwork d. experiments

c. fieldwork

Snowball sampling in qualitative research refers to a. obtaining information (data) from specific persons. b. randomization. c. accumulation of participants based on word-of-mouth. d. using a single group of participants in any given setting or time period.

c. accumulation of participants based on word-of-mouth.

While qualitative researchers must adhere to the same ethical standards as quantitative researchers, unique ethical considerations apply to a. data-management procedures. b. the relationship between the researcher and participant. c. both A and B. d. neither A nor B.

c. both A and B.

Qualitative research is ____________, in contrast to quantitative studies. a. exploratory and deductive b. quasi-experimental c. exploratory and inductive d. purposive

c. exploratory and inductive

The research method based on documentation of sources used to retroactively study events or people is a. ethnography. b. phenomenology. c. historical. d. grounded theory.

c. historical.

Sample size in qualitative studies is generally smaller than in quantitative research and depends on a. information collection methods. b. data saturation determinations. c. information being provided by participants d. randomization strategy and location of participants.

c. information being provided by participants

The four major categories of qualitative research designs are a. experimental, descriptive, exploratory, and ethnography. b. ethnography, phenomenology, experimental, and quasi-experimental. c. phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, and historical. d. historical, ethnography, grounded theory, and exploratory.

c. phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, and historical.

In contrast to quantitative methods, qualitative data analysis is completed ____________ a. immediately after data collection. b. by a different team of researchers. c. simultaneously with data collection. d. as a multi-step process involving two teams.

c. simultaneously with data collection.

Sources of data in qualitative research include a. artifacts such as documents, photographs, and physical objects. b. in-depth interviews. c. direct observations. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The four essential elements for evaluation of qualitative research are a. validity, reliability, transferability, and timeliness. b. credibility, trustworthiness, validity, and confirmability. c. transferability, dependability, timeliness, and confirmability d. credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.

d. credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.

The research method used when the goal is to discover a process is a. ethnography. b. phenomenology. c. historical. d. grounded theory.

d. grounded theory.