Chapter 9 - Intelligence
Metabolic disorders
Group of medical diagnoses that cause intellectual disability by affecting energy production and use in the body.
gifted
Having an IQ above 130 or special talents or aptitudes.
quantitative reasoning
Measure a person's ability to solve problems involving numbers.
familial intellectual disability
Mild intellectual disability associated with homes that are intellectually, nutritionally, and emotionally impoverished.
adaptive behaviors
The most important factor when evaluating intellectual disability.
intelligence
The overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and to adapt to one's surroundings.
neural intelligence
The speed and efficiency of the nervous system.
visual-spatial processing
The ability to analyze visually presented information, including relationships between objects, spatial orientation, assembling pieces to make a whole, and detecting visual patterns.
analytic intelligence
The ability to identify and define problems and to find strategies for solving them ("book learning").
emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, use, and understand feelings in ourselves and others, as well as the ability to manage those feelings effectively.
mental age
The average cognitive ability displayed by a person.
normal distribution
The distribution (or scattering) of IQ scores approximates a bell-shaped curve.
Army Alpha Test
The first group intelligence test to be administered.
executive functions
The higher-level mental processes that allow us to regulate and coordinate our own thought processes.
practical intelligence
The intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving ("street smarts").
individual intelligence tests
Type of test given by a trained specialist such as a licensed clinical psychologist.
multiple aptitude tests
Type of test that measures two or more types of ability.
special aptitude tests
Type of test that predicts whether you will succeed in a single area, such as clerical work or computer programming.
twin studies
Used to identify the relative impact of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
Alfred Binet
Was the first to contribute to what is now called the modern intelligence test.
chronological age
What early intelligence tests yielded an intelligence quotient by comparing to one's mental age.
brain efficiency
What is measured by a study that investigates the relationship between speed of processing and intelligence scores.
intellectual disability disorder
According to the DSM-5, an individual with an IQ below 70.
The Differential Aptitude Test
7-12 grade specific test that measures verbal reasoning, numerical ability, abstract reasoning, perceptual speed and accuracy, mechanical reasoning, space relations, spelling, and language usage.
intellectual determination
A desire to know, to excel, and to persevere.
Hydrocephaly
A disorder caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within brain cavities.
Microcephaly
A disorder caused by the development of the brain in a limited spaced due to the extremely small size of the skull.
Down syndrome
A genetic disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome that causes moderate to severe intellectual disability and a shortened life expectancy.
Phenylketonuria
A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.
Fragile X syndrome
A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.
savant syndrome
A limited general intelligence accompanied by exceptional mental ability in one or more narrow areas, such as mental arithmetic, calendar calculation, art, or music.
Flynn effect
A rapid rise in IQ scores in Western, industrialized nations over the last 50 or so years.
Cretinism
A type of intellectual disability that appears in infancy and is caused by an insufficient supply of thyroid hormone.
validity
Ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.
reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings.
reflective intelligence
Ability to become aware of one's own thinking habits.
g-factor
According to a popular theory, the core of intelligence is an overall mental ability.
deviation IQ
An IQ derived statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age category.
norm
An average score made by a large group of people like those for whom the test was designed.
Head Start
An example of an early childhood education program in the United States.
average intelligence
Any IQ score from 90 to 109.
psychometric test
Any measurement of a person's mental functions.
aptitude
Capacity for learning certain abilities.
expert systems
Computers that are able to follow clearly stated rules about complex skills.
machine learning
Field of artificial intelligence that attempts to overcome the limitation that most computers cannot learn on their own.
multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory that there are many specialized categories of intellectual ability.
reaction time
Indicates a person's speed of processing, which is related to intelligence.
verbal intelligence
Intelligence assessed by answering questions involving vocabulary, general information, arithmetic, and other language- or symbol-oriented tasks.
performance intelligence
Intelligence assessed by solving puzzles, assembling objects, completing pictures, and other nonverbal tasks.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests.
fluid intelligence
Solving new problems that involve perceptual speed or quick insight involves specific mental abilities..
crystallized intelligence
Solving problems using knowledge that one has already gained involves specific mental abilities..
experiential intelligence
Specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time.
experiential intelligence
Specialized knowledge and skills acquired through learning and experience.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition
Widely used intelligence test primarily made up of age-ranked questions and is appropriate for people aged 2 to 85+ years.
