Chapter 9 -- Introduction to Organic Molecules

What is a hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen

This hydrocarbon contains a benzene ring, a six membered ring with three double bonds. What type of hydrocarbon is this?

Aromatic hydrocarbon

Polyethylene is a synthetic plastic high molecular weight alkane with long chains of CH2 groups bonded together. When it ends up in landfills as styrofoam why does it take so long for it to decompose?

Because it has no reactive sites, it is a very stable compound that does not readily degrade.

Ethanol produced in the lab is _____ to the ethanol produced by fermentation

Identical

Is the Compound H₂O an organic or Inorganic compound?

Inorganic

Is the Compound KI an inorganic organic compound?

Inorganic

Is the compound MgSO₄ an organic or inorganic compound?

Inorganic

Is the compound NaOH an organic or inorganic Compound?

Inorganic

The formula for a carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms...

Is CH3

Does a functional group behave differently when it is bonded to a carbon with 2 carbons or 20 carbon?

It behaves the same way. For this reason the carbon and hydrogen portion of the molecule are often abbreviated by a capital R.

What does a functional group determine?

It determines a molecule's shape, properties, and the type of reactions it undergoes.

When interpreting a condensed formula, it is usually best to start at the _______ side of the molecule and remember that the ______ ________ _______ _____ _________ __________.

Left, carbon atoms must have four bonds.

The main component of natural gas, This compound burns in the presence of oxygen..

Methane (CH₄)

What to elements are usually contained in a functional group?

a heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both.

What is a pheremone

a substance used for communication

This type of carbonyl group has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon

aldehyde

In skeletal structures how are rings expressed?

as polygons with a carbon atom represented at each point of the angle.

why is and acyclic alkane also called a saturated hydrocarbon

because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon.

What is the most common multiple bond between carbon and a hteroatom?

carbon-oxygen double bond...

There two major classes of isomers. Which one do the two compounds butane and isobutane belong to?

constitutional isomers

Alkanes have _____ functional groups therefore _______ reactive sites and are notoriously unreactive except under very drastic conditions.

no, no

What is another word for an acyclic alkane

saturated hydrocarbon

What is another word for a constitutional isomer?

structural isomer

OH is a functional group. What kind of Functional Group is it?

Hydroxyl group

What two conventions are used when drawing a condensed structure.

1. All of the atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron bond lines are generally omitted. 2. Lone pairs on hetero atoms are omitted

What is the first Common feature of Organic compounds

1. All organic Compounds contain carbon atoms and most contain hydrogen atoms. Carbon always Forms Four covalent Bonds, and hydrogen forms one covalent bond.

There are three important rules for drawing Skeletal Structures what are they?

1. Assume there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line. 2. Assume there are enough hydrogens around each carbon to give it four bonds. 3. Draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogens directly bonded to them

Functional Groups can be subdivided into three different types. What are they?

1.Hydrocarbons 2. Compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom 3. Compounds containing a C=O group

In C2H2, what type of bonds do the carbon atoms form

A c tom surrounded by two atoms generally forms one tripe bond; thus, Between the two carbon atoms, a triple bond exists and single bonds to the two hydrogen atoms.

In C2H4, what type of bonds do the carbon atoms form

A carbon atom surrounded by three atoms forms one double bond. Thus, there is double bond between the two Carbon atoms and s single bond connecting each of the H atoms

What is a functional Group?

A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. It contains a heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both a heteroatom and a multiple bond.

What compound is often used in welding torches?

Acetylene

Compund that contain a hydroxyle group are called what?

Alcohols

This hydrocarbon has only C-C single bonds and no functional group. Ethane, CH₃CH₃ is an example. What type of hydrocarbon is it?

Alkane

There are four different hydrocarbons. What are they? Again hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only the elements of carbon and hydrogen

Alkane, alkene, Alkyne, Aromatic Compound

What is the name of hydrocarbons having only C-C and C-H single bonds?

Alkanes

C=C.. What type of hydrocarbon is this?

Alkene

This hydrocarbon has a C-C double bond as its functional Group. Ethylene, CH₂=CH₂ is an example. What type of Hydrocarbon is this?

Alkene

There are five different types of Compounds containing a single bond to a Heteroatom? What are they?

Alkyl halide, Alcohol, Ether, Amine, and thiol.

H−C≡C-H What type of hydrocarbon is this?

Alkyne

This hydrocarbon has a C-C triple bond as their functional group. Acetylene, HC≡CH is an example. What type of hydrocarbon is this?

Alkyne

The General Structure of this hydrocarbon is R-H. An example compound formula of this type of compound is CH3CH3. What type of Compound is this?

An Alkane

This type of Hydrocarbon contains a Benzene Ring, a six membered ring with 3 double bonds.

Aromatic Compound

The formula for a carbon bonded to hydrogen becomes

CH

In a skeletal structure, a triangle is drawn. What is the formula for the triangle

CH3

What is the formula for Methane?

CH₄

What is the second common feature of Organic Compounds?

Carbon forms, single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms.

This type of carbonyl group contains an OH group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon.

Carboxylic acid

What is the molecular formula for a cycloalkane

CnH2n where n is the number of carbons it contains

What is the molecular formula for an Acyclic alkane?

CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbons it contains

The two main types of shorthand representations used for organic compounds are

Condensed structures and skeletal structures

What type of bonds are organic compounds composed of?

Covalent Bonds

this type of alkane contains carbons joined in one or more rings.

Cycloalkanes

This type of Carbonyl group contains an OR group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon

Ester

What type of alcohol is present in wine and other alcoholic beverages?

Ethanol

What compound is an impportant material in the preparation of the plastic, Polyethylene?

Ethylene

What are some examples of nonorganic compounds that do not contain carbon?

Examples include CO2 (carbon dioxide), Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

All hydrocarbons, except alkanes contain ______ bonds.

Multiple

What are the most common heteroatoms?

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Flourine, Cl, Bromine, Iodine

Is the Compound CH₄O an organic or inorganic compound?

Organic

Is the compound C₆H₁₂ an organic or Inorganic Compound?

Organic

What is organic Chemistry?

Organic Chemistry is the study of Compounds that contain the same element carbon.

What type of structures are drawn to symbolize not only chains of atoms, but rings as well.

Skeletal Structures

What is the third common feature of Organic Compounds

Some compounds have chains of atoms and some compounds have rings of atoms

What is the fourth Common Feature of Organic Compounds

Some organic compounds may also contain other elements other than carbon and hydrogen. These elements are called heteroatoms

What is assumed when drawing polygons in a skeletal structure?

That each point in the polygon is a carbon atom and that 2 hydrogen atoms extend from each point.

What are intermolecular forces?

The forces that exist in between molecules?

In an organic compound, any atom that that is not carbon or hydrogen is called what?

a hetereoatom

When a compound contains two or more atoms how is the type of bonding determined?

The type if bonding is determined by the number of atoms around the carbon.

How strong are the intermolecular forces of organic compounds?

They are not very strong at all. Organic compounds exist as discrete molecules with much weaker intermolecular forces

Because Organic compunds have weaker intermolecular forces, What type of boiling and melting points do they have when compared to ionic compunds?

They have much lower melting and boiling Points.

True or False. Some compounds do contain carbon but they are not Organic Molecules.

True.

What are some key features of heteroatoms?

form a characteristic number of bonds determined by location in periodic table. Also have nonbonding lone pairs of electrons, so that each atom is surrounded by eight electrons.

In C2H6, what type of bonds do the carbon atoms form?

four single bonds. In ethane, each carbon atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom

The formula for a carbon bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms...

is CH2

What is the word for two different compounds with the same molecular formula. As in butane and isobutane

isomer

When are condensed structures most often used?

usually when a compound needs to be shown as a chain of atoms bonded together, rather than a ring.