chapter 9 joint and movement

Pivot joint

Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.

Hinge joint

Allows forward and backward motion

Joint

Any point where two bones meet, Bones do not have to be movable at the joint

sutures

Areas where the cranial bones have joined together

radioulnar joint

Articulation between the Radius and Ulna which allows for the Pronation and Supination of the Radius.

Condyloid Joint

Bi-axial An oval shaped projection from one bone moves back and forth along two different axes inside an oval shaped depression of another bone. Circumduction is possible.

Saddle joint

Biaxial joint, movement in 2 planes. both U-shaped. Movement include Flexion and extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, does not rotate. examples include area between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

hyaline cartilage

Bluish white elastic material. its Function is to Absorb shock and improve lubrication

joint cavity

Cavity between the two articulating bones. its Function is to Hold synovial fluid

syndesmosis

Fibrous joint where two bones are bound by long collagenous fibers. there is More mobility due to separation between bones and length of fibers Examples include radius and ulna, Fibrous interosseous membrane include less moveable syndesmosis. Example are distal ends of tibia and fibula

bursa

Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid that is Located between adjacent muscles where a tendon passes over a bone as well as between bone and skin

synovial fluid

Fluid within the joint cavity. its Functionis to Lubricate, reduce friction and supply nutrients

synchondroses

Joint where bones are bound by hyaline cartilage Example include temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone of a child. Formed by cartilage of the epiphyseal plate as well as Attachment of first rib to the sternum by hyaline cartilage

synovial membrane

Layer of loose connective tissue that lines the joint cavity. its Function is to secrete synovial fluid

Ball and Socket joint

Multi-axial A spherical projection from one bone moves along many axes inside a spherical depression of another bone.

gomphoses

Term refers to its similarity to a nail hammered into wood Example: tooth in its socket Periodontal ligament - fibrous connective tissue that extends from jaw to tooth Allows the tooth to move a little during chewing

right rotation

Twisting the head or thorax to the right of anatomical position

symphysis

Two bones joined by fibrocartilage, examples include Pubic symphysis examples of which are cartilaginous interpubic disc. can be found Between bodies of two vertebrae united by intervertebral disc. Each disc only permits slight movement between adjacent vertebrae. Collectively, all discs gives the spine considerable flexibility

Uniaxial Joint

a synovial joint who's Motion occur in one plane. is referred to as a Hinge joint for example, elbow and knee joint it also include the Pivot joint, examples are radioulnar joint

biaxial joint

a synovial joint whos Motion occurs in two planes. Condyloid Joint that includes MCP joint in the finger and Saddle joint which include the MCP joint of the thumb.

Multi axial joint

a type of synovial joint where Motion occurs in three planes, freely moveable and includes Ball and Socket joints like hip and shoulder joint. it also includes the Plane/Gliding joints like the acromioclavicular joint.

hyperabduction

abduction beyond normal range of motion

hyperadduction

adduction beyond normal range of motion

cartilaginous joint

also known as amphiarthrosis. site where Two bones are linked by cartilage, Slightly moveable and includes Synchondroses and Symphyses

medial rotation

also known as an internal rotation, Bent elbow, hip or tarsals where palm moves toward abdomen

lateral rotation

also known as external rotation where opposite motion where the forearm points away from the body

Gliding joint

also known as plane joint. it allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

synovial sheath

also known as tendon sheaths, includes Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon Especially in hand and foot. its function is to enable tendons to move back and forth more freely in such tight spaces

Fibrous Joint

also known as the synarthrosis joint a Point where adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers from one bone that crosses the joint and penetrates the other bone. only located in the skull.

synovial joint

also referred to as diarthrosis. it is freely moveable, 5 distinguishing characteristics, More complex and vulnerable to injury, Classified by type of movement and shape of articulating bones. Examples include Hip, elbow, knee joints.

protraction

anterior movement of a body part in the horizontal plane

hyperextension

body is extended beyond normal range of motion

dorsiflexion

flexion of the ankle like Standing on heels

periodontal ligament

holds tooth in socket

fixed joint

includes sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

plantarflexion

increase of angle between foot and leg like standing on toes.

joint capsule

it is made of connective tissue, its function is to permit movement at the joint but will resist dislocation.

depression

lowers a body part in the same plane

flexion

means to bend, Usually brings two bones closer together. results in Decreased angle

Adduction

means to bring together, Opposite of abduction, Bringing arms back to side of body

extension

means to straighten, Opposite of flexion and it Increases angle

abduction

means to take away, Moves bone or limb away from midline of the body

rotation

movement of bone around its own axis

abduction of fingers

movement of fingers away from each other

adduction of fingers

movement of fingers toward each other

inversion

movement of the sole of the foot inward or medially

opposition

movement of thumb to tips of other fingers

Eversion

opposite of inversion. Movement of the sole of the foot outward or laterally

pronation

opposite of supination, Turning palms backward or posterior.

retraction

posterior movement in the same plane

elevation

raising a body part vertically in the frontal plane along its axes

Arthrology

science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

synovial cavity

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

supination

specialized rotation of the forearm. Turning palm forward or anterior

kinesiology

study of musculoskeletal movement.

bursa functions

the _______ Cushions muscles, Helps tendons slide more easily over joints, Helps to modify direction in which a tendon pulls to enhance the effect of the muscle.

lateral flexion

tilting trunk to the right or left of midline

ulnar deviation

tilts hand toward little finger

radial deviation

tilts the hand toward the thumb

lap sutures

two bones have overlapping bevel edges like the squamous. looks like a miter joint cut in a piece of wood.

plane sutures

two bones have straight overlapping edges, like in the roof of the mouth, the palatine process. looks like a butt joint cut in a piece of wood.

serrate sutures

wavy lines along the adjoining bones, coronal, sagittal, lambdoid. looks like a dovetail joint in a piece of wood.

left rotation

when the chest or the face turns to the left of the forward-facing, zero position