Chapter 9 Organizing Body of the Speech
types of main points
-chronological order -spatial order -causal order -probelm-solution order -topical order
Tips for preparing main points
1) Keep Main Points Separate. 2) Try to Use the Same Pattern of Wording for Main Points. 3) Balance the Amount of Time Devoted to Main Points
Main Points
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.
supporting materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
transition
I HAVE SPOKEN SO FAR OF Cesar Chavez the community organizer, BUT IT WAS his work as a labor leader that truly etched his name into American History.
internal preview
I will focus on three solutions-- instituting higher government regulation of credit bureaus, holding credit bureaus financially responsible for their errors, and giving individual easier access to their credit reports.
types of connectives
I.transition II.internal preview III. internal summary IV. signpost
internal preview
In discussing how Asian Americans have been stereotyped in the mass media, we'll look first at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact today.
internal summary
In short, pal reading is an ancient art. Developed in China more than five thousand years ago, it was practiced in classical Greece and Rome, flourished during the Middle Ages, survived the Industrial Revolution, and remains popular today in many parts of the world.
transition
KEEPING THESE POINTS IN MIND about sing language, LET'S RETURN TO the sentence I started with and see if we can learn the signs for "you are my friend"
internal summary
Let's pause for a moment to summarize what we have found so far. First, we have seen that keeping killer whales in captivity stunts their mental and physical development. Second, we have seen that keeping their whales in captivty endangers other animals and human trainers.
transition
NOW THAT WE HAVE a clear understanding of the problem, LET ME SHARE the solution with you
signpost
THE FIRST CAUSE of this problem is inefficient agricultural production. THE SECOND CAUSE is recurrent drought in the affected countries. THE FINAL CAUSE is mismanagement of available food resources by local leaders.
problem-solution order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopic
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
causal order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
connectives
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
causal order
main points I. Ancient Pueblo civilization flourished for over a thousand years until 1200 A.D., when it mysteriously began to disintegrate. II. Scholars have advanced three major explanation for the causes of this disintegration.
problem-solution order
main points I. Puppy mills are a serious problem across the United States. II. Solving the problem requires legislation and individual initiative.
causal order
main points I. The U.S. aviation system faces a growing shortage of qualified air-traffic controllers. II. If this shortage continues, it will create serious probelms for airline safety.
problem-solution order
main points I. The electoral college is a serious problem in the U.S. political system because it does not give equal weight to each citizen's vote in electing the President. II. The problem can be solved by abolishing the electoral college and electing the President by popular vote.
topical order
main points: I. As an entertainer, Baker captivated the audience in Europe and America II. As a spy, Baker gathered information on Nazi activities in France during the WWII III. As a civil rights activist, Baker worked for racial equality on a variety of fronts.
spatial order
main points: I. At the center of a hurricane is the calm, cloud-free eye. II. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a dense ring of clouds that produces the most intense wind and rainfall. III. Rotating around the eyewall are large bands of clouds and precipitation called spiral rain bands.
chronological order
main points: I. First, a thin layer is sliced off the surface of the eye to expose the cornea II. Second, an ultraviolet laser is used to reshape the cornea. III. Third, the thin layer sliced off at the beginning surgery is reaffixed to the eye.
spatial order
main points: I. Northern Italy is home to Venice and its world-famous canals. II. Central Italy is home to Rome and its historical treasures. III. Southern Italy is home to Sicily and its culinary traditions.
chronological order
main points: I. The building of the Great Wall began during the Qin Dynasty of 221-206 B.C. II. New sections of the Great Wall were added during the Han Dynasty of 206 B.C.- 200 A.D. III. The Great Wall was completed during the Ming Dynasty of 1368-1644
topical order
main points: I. the space program produces scientific knowledge about the nature of the solar system. II. The space program generates l break-throughs that benefit many aspects of human life. III. The space program opens access to natural resources that are in short supply on earth.
strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience