Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Adoslence
Comparatively, which of the following ethnic groups is the most likely to become pregnant?
Latina adolescents
When does a girl's first menstruation occur?
Late in the pubertal cycle
Time honored ways that adolescents move toward accepting parental values is with their behaviors of:
Boundary testing Acting out
What is the TYPICAL age range for the beginning of puberty in boys?
10 to 13.5
The formal operational stage of cognitive development begins around age
11
At what age do boys begin to surpass girls in weight?
14
According to research, what percentage of adolescents did not use any contraceptive method during their last sexual encounter?
14%
In 2016, about ______ of ninth graders in the United States reported being sexually active.
15%
In boys, puberty may end as early as age 13 or as late as
17
In the U.S., more than ______ million sexually active adolescents contract an STI each year.
3
In what percentage of motor vehicle fatalities involving adolescents was the driver under the influence of alcohol?
50%
What percentage of U.S. 15- to 19-year-old boys have engaged in oral sex?
51%
Researchers have found that among female adolescents who had oral-genital sex first, _____ reported having a teen pregnancy.
8%
What is the normal age range in which menarche occurs?
9 to 15
Which of the following characterize G. Stanley Hall's concept of adolescence?
A time of oscillating thoughts and feelings, a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings
What are the THREE leading causes of death in adolescents in the U.S.?
Accidental injury, suicide, homicide
Regarding gender differences in body image during adolescence, which statement is FALSE?
Adolescent boys tend to become more dissatisfied as puberty proceeds, whereas girls become satisfied with their bodies
Which of the following criteria are recommended for effective schools for young adolescents?
Boosting students' health and fitness, the involvement of parents, lower student to counselor ratios
In terms of the timing of puberty, how do children in the United States compare with children in European countries?
Children in the United States mature up to one year earlier than children in European countries
What part of the brain thickens in adolescence, aiding the ability to process information?
Corpus callosum
Zack is 14 and he eats well and exercises regularly. Research shows that this behavior will help to delay or prevent which of the following?
Disabilities, mortality from certain illnesses and certain diseases
Which of the following statements about adolescent brain development is true?
During adolescence, the different regions of the brain develop at varying speeds
What were the results of the Berkeley Longitudinal study about early maturing boys?
Early maturing boys perceived themselves more positively and had more successful peer relations
What are some of the problems that early maturing girls may exhibit?
Early sexual experiences, cigarette use, alcohol use.
Adolescents will act out and test their boundaries as a method of ultimately rejecting the values of their parents.
False
True or false: Scientists have found that adolescents' brains undergo minimal structural changes.
False
Getting less sleep at night has been linked to a higher incidence of ______ among adolescents.
Fatigue, depression and anxiety
While the U.S. continues to have high rates of adolescent pregnancy, pregnancy rates have declined in recent decades likely due to what factors?
Fear of sexually transmitted infections, health classes
Which of the following statements regarding hormones and gender is FALSE?
Females do not experience any increase in levels of testosterone during puberty
______ operational thought is more abstract than ______ operational thought.
Formal; concrete
Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?
G. Stanley Hall
Researchers have found that service learning benefits adolescents in which of the following ways?
Higher self-esteem Higher grades Increased goal setting
In the United States, what is the second-leading cause of death in adolescence?
Homicide
Which of the following is an example of adolescents' tendency to think more logically during the formal operational stage?
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Which of the following statements reflect current theorists' views about cognitive development?
It is not stage-like, some cognitive abilities emerge earlier than Piaget thought
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the pubertal growth spurt?
It occurs approximately 2 years sooner for girls than for boys
Place the following male characteristics of puberty in the order in which they typically develop, with the earliest occurrence first. (This list is not exhaustive.)
Increase in penis and testicle size Appearance of straight public hair Minor voice change First ejaculation. Onset of maximum growth in height and weight. growth of facial hair
What are some aspects involved in developing a sexual identity?
Learning to manage sexual feelings Learning to regulate sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences Developing new forms of intimacy
The seat of emotions in the brain is called the ______; it matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex.
Limbic system
Infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have which of the following?
Low birth weights, childhood illnesses, neurological problems
Some critics argue that too often U.S. high schools foster which qualities in students?
Low expectations, passivity, inadequate learning
What are some factors that can affect the timing of puberty?
Maternal hashness, family conflict, low socioeconomic status
Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is true?
Menarche is considered within the normal range for girls if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15
In cross-cultural comparisons, the United States has ______ rates of adolescent pregnancy.
One of the highest
The prefrontal cortex, which does not finish developing until late adolescence or early adulthood, is involved in which of the following functions?
Self-control Decision making
Which of the following statements regarding the dating experience of gay and lesbian youths is FALSE?
Sexual minority youths tend to experience strictly same-sex attraction and dating during adolescence
Maggie is 14 years old and has not yet matured physically. According to recent research, which of the following will most likely occur by the time Maggie reaches tenth grade?
She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls
Tanya is an early maturing sixth grader. She is more at risk for which of the following problems?
Smoking and drinking
Which conditions should be met for an effective service learning experience?
Students should have some degree of choice in the service activity in which they participate Students should be given ample opportunity to reflect about their experience
Which hormones are present in BOTH boys and girls but dominate in gender specific ways during puberty?
Testosterone and Estradiol
What was G. Stanley Hall's proposed view of adolescents called?
The "storm-and-calm" view
Which of the following statements about adolescent drug use in the United States is TRUE?
The United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use compared to other industrialized nations
______________ is the period of rapid physical growth and hormonal changes during early adolescence that prepares the body for reproduction.
puberty
Which of the following best explains the changes that occur during puberty?
There is a basic genetic program that controls puberty
According to one study, students who moved from sixth grade in an elementary school to seventh grade in a junior high school tend to display which characteristics?
They were less committed to school, they were less satisfied with school, they liked their teachers less
True or false: Gay and lesbian youths have diverse patterns of initial attraction.
True
True or false: Hormones affect adolescents' mood and behavior.
True
An adolescent is MOST likely to die from which of the following?
Unintentional injuries
As a life period,__________ is a critical juncture in the adoption of behaviors relevant to health.
adolescence
is a developmental period that serves as a bridge between asexual childhood and sexual adulthood.
adolescence
What is the overall term for an adolescent's heightened self-consciousness?
adolescent egocentrism
Which of the following physical changes typically occurs FIRST in females during puberty?
breasts enlarge
Behaviors such as stress, exercise, eating patterns, and tension ______ various aspects of the hormonal system.
can activate or supress
Latina and African American adolescent girls who have a child ______ to have a second child than are non-Latina White adolescent girls.
are more likely
Which of the following is NOT an effect of getting too little sleep?
better eating habits
According to Kuhn, by the time a child reaches adolescence there is ______ in cognitive functioning across individuals.
considerable variability
A criticism of Piaget's theory is that ______ have a larger effect on cognitive development than Piaget claimed.
culture and education
__________ and _________ exert stronger influences on cognitive development than Piaget maintained.
culture; education
If marijuana is subtracted from the annual use figures, illicit drug use among U.S. students ______ from 2006 through 2017.
declined
The rate of births to U.S. adolescent girls has ______ since 1991.
declined
In the United States, the average age of menarche has ______ since the mid-nineteenth century.
declined significantly
Seventh-graders tend to
dislike their teachers more than they did in sixth grade, be less satisfied with school than they were in sixth grade.
The amygdala matures ______ the prefrontal cortex.
earlier than
Girls who mature _________ may experience problems such as eating disorders, depression, and delinquency.
early
In which stage of adolescence is dissatisfaction with the body most prevalent?
early adolescence
In sixth grade, _______ girls show greater satisfaction with their figures than _______ girls
early maturing, late maturing
Which hormone is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls?
estradiol
Which hormones are present in BOTH boys and girls but dominate in gender specific ways during puberty?
estradiol, testosterone
_____ functioning is an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the prefrontal cortex.
executive
What term is used to describe the most important cognitive change in adolescence involving cognitive control, making decisions, and monitoring thinking critically?
executive functioning
Which of the following statements best describes what critics emphasize about many U.S. high schools?
expectations for success and standards for learning are too low
True or false: Puberty is the same as adolescence.
false
True or false: The high rate of adolescent pregnancy in the U.S. is due in part to the fact that U.S. teens are more sexually active than their counterparts in other industrialized nations.
false
From 1991 to 2015, which of the following trends occurred among American adolescents?
fewer adolescents engaged in sexual activity than in previous years.
According to Piaget, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development is the ____________ operational stage.
formal
___________operational thought includes an increase in abstract thinking.
formal
________youths have diverse patterns of initial attraction, often have bisexual attractions, and may have physical attractions to same-sex individuals without falling in love with them.
gay and lesbian
When considering gender differences in weight gain during early adolescence ___________, tend to outweigh __________ .
girls, boys
In one study, adolescents ______ their chance of dying prematurely.
greatly overestimated
In comparison to adolescent boys, adolescent girls generally ______
have more negative body images
For girls, early maturation have been linked with
higher rates of depression
The _____________ that produce the changes associated with puberty are powerful chemical substances that are carried through the body by the bloodstream.
hormones
Which of the following is the general term for the chemical substances that are secreted by the endocrine glands?
hormones
_______-_______ reasoning involves coming up with a theory, considering its implications, and testing it out.
hypothetical-deductive
Adolescent thinking is full of
idealism
Maleeka is an adolescent who often engages in attention-getting behavior, such as trying to be noticed and visible to her peers. What is this an example of?
imaginary audience
Which of the following marks the beginning of adolescence?
puberty
Thirteen-year-old Jake walks into the classroom and is convinced that all eyes are on him and that everyone has noticed his mismatched sneakers. What is this an example of?
imaginary audience
What term is used to describe adolescents' belief that others are watching them and that they are on stage?
imaginary audience
One goal in creating more effective schools for young adolescents is to lessen the ______ nature of middle schools.
impersonal
Some of the most visible changes of physical maturation are
increases in height and weight
Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the major contributors to vehicle-related accidents involving adolescents?
lack of driving experience
Which of the following groups shows more satisfaction with their figures once they reach tenth grade?
late-maturing girls
By their thirties,_________ (early-maturing/late-maturing) boys had developed a more positive sense of identity than _________ (early-maturing/late-maturing) boys.
late-maturing, early maturing
Researchers have found that U.S. adolescents are ______ to use condoms than their European counterparts.
less likely
Adolescent mothers are more likely than their peers to experience all of the following, EXCEPT
lower health risks
Children born to adolescent mothers had ______ achievement test scores and more ______ problems in their teens compared to children whose mothers had their first birth as adults.
lower; neurological
The onset of a girl's first menstrual period is commonly referred to as
menarche
One study revealed that adolescents' volunteer activities provided opportunities to explore and reason about ______ issues.
moral
In one study, the drop in school satisfaction between elementary school and junior high
occurred regardless of how academically successful the students were
Frequently showing up in adolescent diaries, the ______ is a story about the self that is filled with fantasy and generally far removed from reality.
personal fable
What term is used to describe adolescents' belief that they are unique and invincible?
personal fable
Although adolescents are capable of very strong emotions, their ______ hasn't adequately developed to the point at which they can control these passions.
prefrontal cortex
The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control is called the
prefrontal cortex
An increasing number of research studies suggest that adolescents tend to portray themselves as vulnerable (sometimes exaggeratedly so) to
premature death
What is likely to occur during adolescence?
preoccupation with body
The corpus callosum thickens during adolescence, which improves adolescents' ability to
process information
Savannah's breasts have begun to enlarge and pubic hair has appeared. She has begun going through a period of rapid physical maturation called
puberty
Adolescent egocentrism includes which of the following?
risk taking, imaginary audience, personal fable
What type of learning comes in the form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community?
service learning
Adolescence is a time when ______ is incorporated into one's identity.
sexuality
Early maturing girls are more easily attracted to problem behaviors due to their lack of
social and cognitive maturity
early maturing girls are more easily attracted to problem behaviors due to their lack of
social and cognitive maturity
The majority of adolescents with same-sex attractions experience ______ attractions the the other-sex.
some
Contrary to Piaget's view of cognitive development, children do not appear to move neatly from one ______ to another.
stage
Which of the following statements about adolescent idealism is FALSE?
teens reinterpret their childhood through the lens of idealism
Infants born to adolescent mothers
tend to be less healthy
A higher concentration of the hormone ________ in boys leads to the development of genitals, a change in the voice, and an increase in height.
testosterone
Which hormone is associated with the development of genitals, an increase in height, and a change in voice in boys?
testosterone
What part of the limbic system of the brain is most involved in emotions?
the amygdala
Some adolescent behavior may be due to
the relatively immature prefrontal cortex being unable to adequately control the strong emotions produced by the amygdala
When transitioning to middle school, students experience the ____________-_________ phenomenon, moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in elementary school to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in middle school.
top-dog
Moving from being the biggest and oldest students in elementary school to being the youngest and least powerful students in middle school is best described by which term?
top-dog phenomenon
The rate of adolescent suicide has ______ since the 1950s.
tripled
Which of the following words best describes the adolescent years, according to G. Stanley Hall's view?
turbulent
In about half of motor vehicle fatalities involving adolescents, the driver is ______.
under the influence of alcohol
According to Deanna Kuhn, young children attain largely ______ cognitive levels, whereas older children and adolescents approach cognitive levels that they _______ obtain.
universal; may or may not
Some of the most visible changes of puberty are sexual maturation and increases in height and ________
weight
Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and genital herpes are all examples of ______ sexually transmitted infections that sexual partners are relatively ______ to contract.
widespread; likely
Greta is 10 years old; she has just had her first period. Greta is
within the normal range for menarche
