Chapter 9 psych 345
CH 9 QUIZ
FROM HERE ON OUT
Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
back propagation
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.
spreading activation
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?
583: 653: 518 msec
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
A turtle is an animal
Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
Before any learning had occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero
Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?
Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.
Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
Exemplar
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
Exemplar & Prototype - WRONG
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
Family resemblance
Which of the following represents a basic level item?
Guitar
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
Parallel distributed processing theory
People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?
Superordinate
Which of the following would be in a basic level category?
Truck
When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that
a carrot would be named before eggplant.
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether
a presented stimulus is a word.
______ is a "typical" member of a category.
a prototype
According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.
basic
How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.
can fly; bird
The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
category members that have been encountered in the past.
Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."
concepts
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
connection weights.
One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
connectionist
The process of back propagation is most closely associated with
connectionist networks.
It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
crowding
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.
If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that
damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.
definitional
The definitional approach to categorization
doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.
exemplar
Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).
exemplar
According to the typicality effect,
items that are high prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group
Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called ________ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.
mirror
In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a
node
According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.
semantic category
The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
semantic network
According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.
sensory attributes; function
Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.
strong
If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.
subordinate; basic
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.
superordinate level to basic level
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
the distance that must be traveled through the network - WRONG the typicality of the information contained in each concept. - 2nd option
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.
priming - WRONG (Typicality)
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
prototype
Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?
sparrow
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
A field sparrow is an animal.
Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?
Cognitive economy
_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
exemplars
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
family resemblance
Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being
graded - WRONG (distributed)
Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal
is a dog that does not bark.
Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves
more exemplars than Bob's
Spreading activation
primes associated concepts
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."
the same as, faster than, interfered with by - WRONG slower than - wrong *okay so I'm confused b/c I got it wrong and picked all answer choices*
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that
the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____.
tree; oak
Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
working units