Chapter 9 Psych EC

According to twin studies, the heritability of dependent personality disorder is estimated to be ______.

.81

How many medication trials have been conducted to study biological treatments of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

1

The DSM-5 identifies _____ distinct personality disorders grouped into _____ clusters based on their descriptive similarity.

10, three

What percent of people with diagnoses of borderline personality disorder attempt suicide?

75 percent

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is the most prevalent personality disorder in the U.S. population with about _____ percent of the population meeting criteria for a diagnosis.

8

Which of the following are correct in regard to the prognosis for a person with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

A minority of those considered to be in remission relapse. Symptoms usually improve over time.

Which of the following features are typical of individuals with narcissistic personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

A strong sense of entitlement A belief that they are exceptional A belief that they are superior

During what time period is a person with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder most at risk from suicide?

A year or two after the diagnosis

Who of the following is most likely to be diagnosed with a personality disorder?

Ada, aged 30, a woman with lifelong interpersonal difficulties

Arthur has been diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder, and his therapist has told him he is a grandiose narcissist. What features does Arthur most likely display? (Select all that apply.)

Aggression Engages in violent acts Exploits others Grandiose fantasies

Which of the following are features of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Alternately idealizing and despising others Worry about abandonment Poor sense of self

Which of the following are characteristics of Cluster C of the DSM-5 personality disorders?

Anxiety Fearfulness

Eugene has been diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder. His therapist intends to focus on which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Assisting Eugene in social skills training Helping Eugene focus on objective evidence for his thoughts Group therapy for Eugene Helping Eugene increase social contacts

Which of the following features are descriptors for the core personality dimension in the DSM-5 of detachment? (Select all that apply.)

Avoidant Untrusting Withdrawn

Which disorder may be a more severe form of social anxiety disorder?

Avoidant personality disorder

Which type of therapy can help decrease compulsive behaviors related to obsess-compulsive personality disorder?

Behavioral

Ben has been diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. He presents to a therapist complaining of the deficiencies of his wife. What is an explanation for this?

Ben believes that his problems are the result of the weaknesses of others.

Which of the following are thought to be related to the development of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Childhood neglect Parental psychopathology Childhood physical or sexual abuse

Disorders characterized by anxious and fearful emotions and chronic self-doubt are categorized under _____ personality disorders in the DSM-5.

Cluster C

Which of the following are components of treatment of paranoid personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Developing trust in the therapist Increasing self-efficacy

Elsa's therapist decides that Elsa's symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for any of the personality disorders identified in the DSM-5, yet Elsa clearly has a personality disorder. What does the therapist do?

Diagnoses Elsa with personality disorder -- trait specified

The DSM-5 includes which two models of personality disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Dimensional Categorical

Which of the following are descriptors for Cluster B personality disorders in the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

Dramatic Emotional

Which of the following best describe Cluster A personality disorders in the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

Each of the disorders may have some of the features of schizophrenia. They are characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors or thinking.v

True or false: Family history studies have revealed that paranoid personality disorder is more common in the families of people with bipolar disorder than in the families of healthy control subjects.

False

True or false: Personality traits are relatively transient and can change across time and situations.v

False

True or false: Schizotypal personality disorder is more commonly diagnosed in females than males.

False

True or false: The most efficient and effective thing a therapist can do when treating someone with paranoid personality disorder is to confront the client directly with his or her paranoia.

False

Which of the following are characteristics of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Feelings of emptiness Impulsive behaviors Identity disturbances Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment

Rob has been diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder and has been described as a vulnerable narcissist. Which of the following likely apply to him? (Select all that apply.)

He experiences difficulties in self-esteem. He is hypersensitive to rejection. He engages in grandiose fantasy.

Which of the following are goals of cognitive therapy in treating someone with a diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Helping formulate goals that do not rely on the approval of others Identifying irrational beliefs

Which of the following brain areas have been identified through neuroimaging as smaller in people with diagnoses of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Hippocampus Amygdala

Which of the following groups has the greatest likelihood of being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder?

Hispanics

Which of the following are aspects of cognitive-behavioral treatment for dependent personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Homework assignments Relaxation training Exposure

Which of the following are components of treatment for schizoid personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Improved awareness of emotions Improvement in social skills

Which of the following characteristics fit the negative end of the personality trait referred to as disinhibition in the DSM-5 personality dimensions model? (Select all that apply.)

Impulsive Irresponsible

Psychodynamic treatment of dependent personality disorder is likely to involve which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Interpreting transference Insight into early caregiver experiences

Which is true of the alternative dimensional model for diagnosing personality disorders used in the DSM-5?

It appears in a separate section designated for further study.

Which of the following are true of mentalization-based treatment for borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

It attempts to help patients appreciate alternative points of view. It is psychodynamically oriented.

Why is the DSM-5 approach to personality disorders described as a hybrid model?

It is both dimensional and categorical.

Which is true of the DSM-5 clustering system for personality disorders?

It is recognized as being limited and not consistently validated.

Which of the following represent psychological explanations for borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Lack of emotional regulation Inability to withstand distress

How much, to date, is known about causes or effective treatments for histrionic personality disorder?

Little is known about this disorder today

Twin studies of the personality traits associated with schizoid personality disorder suggest partial inheritance of which traits?

Low sociability and low warmth

Which of the following are core features of personality? (Select all that apply.)

Meaning and purpose in life Sense of self Interpersonal relationships

Which of the following do therapists using dialectical behavior therapy focus on in the treatment of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Monitoring self-disparaging thoughts Monitoring black-and-white evaluations of others Learning appropriate assertiveness skills

Which of the following medications have been found to be most useful in treating borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Mood stabilizers Atypical antipsychotics

Which of the following is true in regard to gender differences in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in clinical settings?

More women are diagnosed than men.

Which of the following is true of those diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder?

More women are diagnosed than men.

A person with a diagnosis of _____ personality disorder views problems they have as the result of weaknesses or flaws of others.

Narcissistic

Matt's therapist is using cognitive techniques to assist Matt in developing more realistic expectations for himself. Which of the following personality disorders is Matt likely diagnosed with?

Narcissistic

Which of the following classes of drugs are used to treat schizotypal personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)v

Neuroleptics Atypical antipsychotics Antidepressants

The DSM-5 specifies a number of criteria necessary to make a diagnosis of personality disorder. The diagnosis cannot be made if the behavior is believed to be developmentally appropriate or the result of drug use. The other criteria are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

One or more pathological personality trait domains Significant impairment in sense of self and in relationships Observed personality features that are stable over time

Which of the following are features of negative affectivity in the DSM-5 personality dimensions? (Select all that apply.)

Overreactive to stress Emotionally labile

Which of the following is not descriptive of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

People with this disorder have dysfunctional beliefs about being worthless.

Which of the following are symptoms present in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Perfectionism and attention to detail Rigid attention to rules Self-esteem that is based on work and productivity

Which of the following are diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder in the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

Personality functioning is stable over time. Personality deviates markedly from cultural expectations. Personality is inflexible and nonadaptive.

Children and adolescents with a history of which disorder appear to be more prone to developing dependent personality disorder?

Separation anxiety disorder

Amanda is controlling and rigid in her relationship with her husband, is a workaholic, and is perfectionistic. She was recently diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. What other qualities might Amanda have that fit with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)

She is concerned with order. She is rigid.

Which of the following are components of dialectical behavior therapy? (Select all that apply.)

Skills in expressing needs Skills in expressing feelings in a mature manner Assertiveness training

Which of the following are features of schizotypal personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Social isolation Restricted range of emotions Difficulty in establishing relationships

Dr. Allison is a cognitive-behavioral therapist treating Anna for avoidant personality disorder. Which of the following treatment techniques would Dr. Allison be most likely to use? (Select all that apply.)

Social skills training Challenges to negative automatic thoughts Graduated exposure to social settings

Which of the following are features of avoidant personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Staying away from social encounters Oversensitivity to criticism Feeling socially inferior

What is one possible reason for risk of suicide increasing in the first few years after diagnosis of borderline personality disorder?

The occurrence of the crisis which brought the person to the attention of the mental health system

Someone with narcissistic personality disorder would be more likely to endorse which belief?

The rules don't apply to me.

Which of the following are necessary criteria for diagnosing a person with a personality disorder according to the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

Their symptoms must not be due to substance use. They must have pathological personality traits. They must show significant difficulties in identity. They must show significant difficulties in interpersonal functioning.

Which of the following is true in terms of gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder?

There are no gender differences.

Which of the following are specifics of the biological perspective of borderline personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

There may be abnormalities in the amygdala. There may be abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following are true of people high in vulnerable narcissism? (Select all that apply.)

They are more sensitive to rejection. They are hypersensitive to criticism. They are more likely to feel shame.

Which of the following is a treatment for borderline personality disorder that uses the client-clinician relationship as the framework for helping clients achieve greater understanding of their unconscious feelings and motives?

Transference-focused psychotherapy

True or false: One recommended treatment for schizoid personality disorder is to use role playing and homework assignments to try out new social skills with other people.

True

True or false: Part of assertiveness training for people with borderline personality disorder is to learn how to express their needs in a mature manner in close relationships.

True

Which of the following are goals of psychodynamic treatment for histrionic personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Uncovering repressed emotion Helping clients express emotion appropriately

Which of the following are features of histrionic personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Unstable relationships Shifting emotions

Which of the following are features of psychoticism? (Select all that apply.)v

Unusual beliefs Odd perceptions Eccentricity

People with avoidant personality disorder would be most likely to endorse beliefs such as?

You're just saying that to be nice.

The third dimension of the DSM-5 personality dimensions model is _____, which is anchored on the positive end by characteristics such as honesty, appropriate modesty, and concern for others, and at the negative end by characteristics such as deceitfulness, grandiosity, and callousness.

antagonism

Heather has been diagnosed with _____ personality disorder. One thing she consistently does is discount positive feedback from other people.

avoidant

Shelley's roommate wonders why she never accepts any social invitations. The roommate has also noticed that Shelley is sensitive to rejection and often interprets innocent remarks as ridicule. The roommate knows Shelley has recently seen a psychologist and been diagnosed with _____.

avoidant personality disorder

Transference-focused psychotherapy, which uses the client-clinician relationship as the framework for helping clients achieve greater understanding of their unconscious feelings and motives, is a treatment for _____.

borderline

Twenty-two-year-old Ana from Ethiopia has eccentric beliefs that her ancestors are haunting her. The diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder may not be made, however, because Ana's beliefs could be part of her __________ beliefs.

cultural

Someone with a diagnosis of ________ personality disorder would be likely to endorse the statement "I am needy and weak" more often than patients with other personality disorder diagnoses.

dependent

The term ______ is a personality dimension that captures the extent to which people are appropriately outgoing and trusting of others or withdrawn, avoidant and untrusting.

detachment

The alternative model for diagnosing personality disorders appearing in the DSM-5 utilizes a _______ approach.

dimensional

The five-factor model of personality is a _____.

dimensional approach

A fourth core personality trait in the DSM-5 personality dimensions is _____, which ranges from tendencies to be responsible, organized, and cautious to tendencies to be impulsive, risk-taking, and irresponsible.

disinhibition

As with schizophrenia, people with schizotypal personality disorder tend to show dysregulation of which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

Abby's therapist and Abby have developed a hierarchy of social situations that range from not very threatening to very threatening. The therapist's strategy is to start with the least threatening and work up to assist Abby in not being so sensitive to rejection, to improve Abby's sense of worthiness, and to assist her in having more relationships with others. This is a description of using _____ _____ to treat Abby's diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder.v

graduated exposure

The subtype of the _____ narcissist copes with difficulties in self-esteem by viewing himself as superior and unique, and engaging in fantasies that involve him in famous or powerful situations.

grandiose

A consistent pattern associated with self-_______ became apparent in treating borderline personality disorder.v

harm

Alicia has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She has rapidly shifting emotions, unstable relationships, and is constantly seeking the attention of others. She does not engage in self-destructive behaviors, does not display angry outbursts to those close to her, nor does she particularly feel empty inside. Her best diagnosis would be_________ personality disorder.

histrionic

The evidence for the heritability of schizoid personality disorder is ______.

indirect

People with dependent personality disorder are most anxious about ______.

interpersonal interactions

Theorists have identified borderline personality disorder as _____.

involving fundamental deficits in emotional regulation

Borderline personality disorder is _____.

more commonly diagnosed in people of color

Family history studies suggest that histrionic personality disorder clusters in families along with all of the following except

narcissistic personality disorder.

A fundamental trait dimension describing the extent to which people are even-tempered and calm versus emotionally labile and overreactive to stress is described in the DSM-5 as _____.

negative affectivity

The five-factor model of personality utilizes the personality traits of

negative emotionality, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.v

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder appears to be related to genetic factors similar to those found in which disorder?

ocd

Ellen is convinced that her husband is having an affair with a co-worker. Her suspicion is reinforced when the co-worker calls him. Ellen is also quite certain that her own boss is out to get her because she notices that he scowls when he talks to her. Which of the following personality disorders might be Ellen's diagnosis?

paranoid

The concept of _________ includes a self-identity, how we relate to other people, and our sense of meaning and purpose in life.

personality

Angela says that her roommate is outgoing. This is a _____.

personality trait

One big difference between a person diagnosed with schizophrenia and a person diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder is that the person diagnosed with the personality disorder maintains contact with ___________

reality

A person diagnosed with __________ personality disorder demonstrates a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal interactions and a pervasive pattern of detachment.v

schizoid

Cheryl has a boyfriend but, when she talks about him, she talks as if he were an object. There is no emotional expression and no pleasure from their interactions. If Cheryl were to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, it would most likely be _____.

schizoid personality disorder

For a person to be given a diagnosis of _____ personality disorder, his or her odd or eccentric thoughts cannot be part of cultural beliefs.

schizotypal

People with a diagnosis of _____ personality disorder show symptoms similar to schizophrenia but in milder form.

schizotypal

Strategies commonly used in the treatment of _____ personality disorder include social skills training, increasing social contacts, and teaching clients to look for objective evidence for their thoughts.

schizotypal

___________ anxiety disorder may be a less severe form of avoidant personality disorder.

social

The term ________ is used in the psychological profession to describe the way that people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder relate to others. This means that their preoccupation with feelings of love for the object of their desire and attention can easily turn to extreme rage and hatred when the love object rejects them.

splitting

The term parasuicide describes _____.

suicidal gestures

Borderline personality disorder is very complicated to treat because _____. (Select all that apply.)

there are a variety of symptoms there are often comorbidities there are often shifting symptoms

The DSM-5 includes _____ models of personality disorders.

two

Caleb's therapist describes him as being hypersensitive to criticism and rejection, and a person who engages in grandiose fantasies to quell his sense of shame. Most likely, Caleb is a(n) _____.

vulnerable narcissist