Chapter 9- Psychology

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.

by 25 years old

Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.

continuous development

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.

object permanence

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.

vocabulary spurt

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?

zygote

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Who created the very first modern hospice?

Cicely Saunders

How is lifespan development defined?

The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.

critical period

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Which of the following is the order of stages in Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.

fine motor skills

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?

forming an identity

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?

psychological

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

resistant

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

secure

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal