Chapter 9: Raising Kids in a diverse society

What are stay at home fathers like?

-154,000 married-couple families had stay-at-home-families, situations that have become more prevalent with men's losing jobs during the recession that began in 2007. -many of those fathers have opted to stay out of the work force and remain stay at home dads -wives are breadwinners and would be cheaper for dads to stay home compared to daycare.. still viewed as violating social norms.

What is the transition to parenthood like for adults?

-Abruptly assume 24 hour duty, caring for a fragile, dependent baby. -Babies interrupt parents sleep, work, and leisure time, less time together as a couple. -Moms w/less flexibale hours & little opp for advancement & are more likely to feel stressed. -Psychological depression & other distress among some prego & new moms. Dads feel stress too -moms who are more pleased=less likely to view parenting as burdensome. -less time relaxing together & decline in emotional/sexual relationship. A moms working irregular or night shifts increases stress. -moms role become more traditional//couples focused on romantic quality of their relationship may find the transition more difficult.

What are some developmental needs for children? and for infants?

-Encouragement, adequate nutrition and shelter, parental interest in their schooling, consistency in rules & expectations -guidance congruent with the kids age or developmental level -infants need to bond with a consistent & dependable caregiver, they need affection, intimate relationships as well as conversations & variety in their environment -Discipline is not ok for babies bc they do not understand why & can not change behavior

What is authoritarian parenting style?

-High on parental monitoring and low on parental warmth; I am in charge, I set/enforce the rules. hostile parenting style, critic kids, more likely to spank kids. associated with teen delinquency & decreased sense of personal effectiveness or mastery over a situation. -*Permissive*: low on parental monioritng & warmth; little guidance, may be high on warmth but being indulgent which leads to spoiled kid. -*Emotional neglect*- low on both. -associated with depression/poor mental health. high rates of teen sexuality and pregnancy

What does doing motherhood entail?

-Moms are still engaged in more hands-on parenting than do fathers, and they take primary responsibility for their kids upbringing. Teens name their mom as the family confidant. -Moms quality time is having heart to heart talks with their kids or engaging in child-centered activities. Fathers its being at home and there if needed. -some moms quite careers to accommodate their mothering role. -Men's roles include a larger part in the day-to-day care of their families. -44% of births occur to unmarried moms. -15-20% to single moms. They aware that it is a cultural dial to be married. -moms choose further education. High levels of financial and emotional stress leads to poorer child outcomes rather than the family structure.

What do preschool kids need?

-Preschool kids need opps to practice motor development as well as wide exposure to language, especially when ppl talk directly to them. -Need definitions of what behavior is unacceptable -need to practice accomplishing goals appropriate to their abilities and to learn how to get along with others -better accept criticism as they get older, need feedback regarding task performance//need to feel that they are contributing family members by being assigned to task.

How does social class and parenting effect it?

-SES: one's position in society measured by educational achievement, occupation, or income. Parenting is no expectation. -family education & income have more influence on parenting behaviors & children than do race/ethnciity or family structure in and of itself -*Middle class*: they have the resources to hire household help or purchase devices such as baby-monitoring equipment. More likely to lie in neighborhoods conducive to raising kids. Have similar values//contacts at school. -Higher educated parents have fewer kids on average, show less anxiety & emphasize *concerted cultivation*: praise and converse with their kids, engage in extra actives. -praise their kids or talk to them just for fun. -get info from professional sources such as books. -high ses= more helicopter.

What is corporal punishment?

-Spanking refers to hitting a child with an open hand without causing physical injury -1/3 of dads and 44% of moms spank their kids. boys under 2 spanked the most. children over 6 are spanked less. -moms spank more than dads. Younger-less education parents are more likely to spank. Religious orientation, conservatives, less social support, more kids. -Parents should never hit children of any age under any circumstances, it can lead to permanent damage and even death. -linked to behavior problems//physical punishment can be harsh -not limited to spanking(pushing, grabbing, shoving, hitting) -Corporal punishment has negative effects and should NEVER be used. middle and upper class are less likely.

What is a nonresident father?

-are biological or less often adoptive fathers who do not live with one or more of their kids -less trust for divorced dads, and never-married nonresidential fathers move in and out of their kids lives. -may serve as a social father to one or more kids whom he did not conceive, usually because he lives with a woman who had a child in a previous relationship -cooperative coparenting does not occur in most nonresident father families. -love and concern for their kids. -dpeends on whether the dad is employed, education, age, religious participation, substance history. -more involved when kid is male. involvement declines over the years.

What is authoritiave parenting style//Helicopter

-both high in warmth and monitoring -Positive parenting, the most effective, teens do better in school, warm, firm, fair and combines emotional support with parental direction. -consider kids wish and opinions along with my own when making decisions. -encourgiang individuality, talents and emerging independence while setting limits & enforcing rules. -house rules//kids do better in schools, socially competent, high self-esteem. -*Helicopter* when you take too much responsibility for their experiences and success and failures//u hover over them. They meddle in their lives.

What does it mean to be the psychological parent?

-dads have been expected to be the breadwinners & not be competent in day-to-day childcare. -moms and many dads are becoming more similar in the amount of time they spend & in the kinds of things they do with their kids. -moms assume primary responsibility for raising kids. Employed or not a mom is expected to the primary parent- assuming w/self-sacrifice when necessary. Major emotional responsibility

What is fatherhood like?

-dads involvement leads to positive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes from infancy into adolescence -dads absence is associated with adverse effects on kids cognitive, moral, and social development. -*Social fathers*: (nonbiological fathers in the role of father, such as stepdads) do not improve adolescents outcomes compared with living in a single mom house. -an uncle or grandfather may be more effective. -Economially living with a social father is better than living in a single mom home. -Married dads are involved and invest in kids daily lives from birth. They play in leisure activities with their kids. -higher levels of parental engagement associated with educated dads w/more satisfying jobs.

What is a private safety net?What are more stats on single moms?

-it is associated with children's better adjustment and discusses family support and friend support. -single moms income is far lower than those of married moms or single dads. single moms more likely to live in poverty. -some keep dads at distance bc of poor relationship -single moms evidence creativity and residence as they construct support networks to help with finances, housing, childcare and other needs. -web-based support groups that offer practical assisntace. -rely on their family to help serve as father figures. -most often those who need the most assistance are in kinship & social networks than can provide the least amount of resources bc their own circumstances

What is parenting in 21st century america like?

-married couples comprise fewer than 61% of families with a joint kid under age 18. -Single mom represent 26.4% -a single parent can either cohabiting or not. -*multi-partnered fertility*: a person having kids with more than one partner, can mean that a father resides, perhaps temporarily with one or more of his kids but not with others. -regardless of living arrangements, parents face questions that would not have been imagined several decades ago.

What is a paradox of parenting mean?

-new parents feel overwhelmed, but the motivation to overcome their stress & do their best proceeds from the stressor itself -the child as a source of love, joy & satisifcaiton. -moms with histories of depression are at increased risk for development of postpartum depression. -jobs are inflexible in regards to paternity leave, fathers tend to leave moms to their own. Dads spent a lot more time with kids now though.

What are the key variables in the stress model of parent effectiveness?

-parental stress from job demands, financial worries, concerns about neighborhood safety, feeling stigmatized due to living in a negatively family form, race/ethnic discrimination. -This causes frustration, anger, depression, household conflict. -this leads to poorer parenting practices, inconsistent discipline, limited parental warm or involvement, and lower levels of parent-child trust & communication. -having social support diminishes this adverse relationship -Perceived parental stress leads to parental depression and household conflict -Positive parenting practices lessen conflict & depression//more positive outcomes for kids. -More social support leads to positive parenting practices leads to positive child outcomes

What are parenting challenges in resilience in terms of education?

-parents now have more education & are likely to have had some exposure to formal knowledge about child development & child-raising techniques -fathers are more emotionally involved than several decades ago. Fewer kids are exposed to violent crimes today -Cell phones & social media allow parents & kids to keep in continuous contact & make being in touch with other family members more likely. Internet offers info for situations -Parents make mistakes; kids are resilient: they can recover from adverse situations & events.

What is needed for optimal development?

-supportive family communication -invovlement in a child's life and school -private safety nets-support from family or friends -adequate economic resources -workplaces policies that facilitate a healthy work-family balance & supporting parenting in other ways as well -safe and healthy neighborhoods that encourage positive parenting, school achievement and reciprocal support -society-wide polices that bolster al parents -anger-mangament training father involvement is important. -reducing parents work hours would allow for better parenting.

What are some parenting difficulties?

-the parenting role conflicts with the working role, and employers typically place work demands first. A lot of parents worry about juggling work & family demands. -Kids are raised in a society characterized by conflicting values & points of view. Peers, movies, TV influence kids. -how much parents influence their kids can be overwhelming. expert advice can be contradictory. -Parents are between caring for kids & elderly parents. -Less ecological and community support since more individuals and couples are electing to not have kids. Less public funding for parenting programs. -Parents have the responsibility for successfully raising "good" kids, but their authority is often questioned. Immigrant parents who have diff cultural values such as physical discipline may be construed as abuse.

What are single fathers like?

-the proportion of single fathers is dramatically small. Among families with kids under 18, about 4.7% are single-fathers. -single fathers often assumed their role when they stepped up in hard and unforeseen circumstances. -do not rely on single-families. -dads are primary parents fight back stereotypes that regard them as odd, unmasculine, or weak. they have to prove themselves capable.

What about low-income and poverty level parents?

-the rate of child poverty in the US exceeds the rate of the nation as a whole & is higher than in other wealthy industrialized nations. -work at minimum or less than jobs with irregular and unpredictable hours & no benefits. -have two or three jobs -live in rented homes, have financial worries, cause stress. move from city to city to live with relatives or to search for jobs. -can't give their kids extras, not living in neighborhoods that value education or encourage high achievement. -parental control is harder to achieve in neighborhoods/live with air pollution and have poorer nutrition//more illness//emotional/behavioral probs.

What do teenagers need?

-they need to be listened to; they need firm guidance coupled with parental accessibility & emotional support -teens need to learn effective methods for resolving conflict. -parents can do and influence their teens behavior. parents take a step back to allow for individual identity to develop.