Chapter 9- Recognizing Use, Misuse, Abuse, and Addiction to Drugs and Behaviours
How many internet users experience internet addiction?
1/8
DT usually affects people who are addicted to alcohol for how long?
10 or more years
Alcohol and barbiturates are two depressant drugs, what can develop between the two?
A cross tolerance
What do all forms of addiction likely reflect?
A dysfunction of certain biochemical systems in the brain
What is an analgesics?
A pain reliever
What is addiction?
A persistent dependence on a behaviour or substance
What is an intervention?
A planned process of confrontation to break down denial so an individual can see the destructive nature of their addiction
What is an antibiotic?
A prescription drug designed to fight bacterial infections
What is alcohol enemas and vodka tampons an example of
A suppository
What is inhibition?
A type of interaction in which the effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug at the receptor site
What is intolerance?
A type of interaction in which two or more drugs taken together produce extremely uncomfortable reactions
What is antagonism?
A type of interaction which one drug blocks the action of another at the receptor site.
What is another, secondary definition for drug abuse?
According to the motivation for the drug
What does a drug profile identify? (6)
Active ingredients, receptor sites that will be affected, main effects, side effects, potential interactions with other drugs you're using, and any potential adverse reactions
Tolerance to what kind of antibiotic can be developed rapidly?
Amphetamine
What is synergism?
An interaction of two or more drugs in which the effects of the individual drugs are magnified beyond what is expected of their individual contribution
What is a nicotine patch an example of?
An inunction
Oxycontin is an example of a common prescription what?
Analgesic
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and aspirin are taken at the same time as a thiazide diuretic, resulting in reduced antihypertensive effects of the diuretic is an example of what?
Antagonism
The misuse in _____ has led to an increase in drug-resistant bacteria
Antibiotics
These drugs inhibit the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, thereby moderating the user's mood
Antidepressants
What are common withdrawal symptoms?
Anxiety, depression, irritability, guilt anger and frustration
What do virtually all mental, emotional and behavioural functions occur as a result of?
Biochemical interactions between nerve cells in the body
What is a sedative?
CNS depressant that can induce sleep and relieve anxiety
What is an antihistamine?
CNS depressant that helps with allergy symptoms
The active ingredient in most OTC stimulants is what?
Caffeine
What is commercial preparation?
Commonly used chemical substances with a drug action, such as cosmetics, household cleaning products and industrial by-products
What are the four signs of addiction?
Compulsion, loss of control, negative consequences and denial
The most common OTC drugs are to relief the symptoms of what? (4)
Cough, cold, allergy, asthma
Ginseng and caffeine where there is a synergistic stimulant effect is an example of what?
Cross-tolerance
What is the severest form of withdrawal? What percent of individuals experience it?
Delirium tremens (DT's); 5%
What is compulsion?
Described by obsession, or excessive preoccupation, with the behaviour or drug and an overwhelming need for it
What is an antitussive?
Designed to calm or curtail the cough reflex
What is a decongestant?
Designed to reduce nasal stuffiness
What is a diuretic?
Drug that increases the excretion of urine from the body?
What is an antidepressant?
Drug used to treat clinically diagnosed depression
What is a generic drug?
Drugs marketed by their chemical name rather than a brand name
What is a tranquilizer?
Drugs taken to relax the body and relieve anxiety
What is a prescription drug?
Drugs that can be obtained only with written prescription from a licensed physician
What is an over the counter drug?
Drugs that can be purchased without a prescription
What is a psychoactive drug?
Drugs that have the potential to alter mood or behaviours
What is a prostaglandin inhibitors?
Drugs that inhibit the production and release of prostaglandins where prostaglandins are released by the body in response to pain
What is a recreational drug?
Drugs that people use to relax or socialize during their recreational time
What is an amphetamine?
Drugs that suppress appetite and increase breathing rate, blood rate and heart rate
What is a laxative?
Drugs used to soften stool and relieve constipation?
What is an illicit drug?
Drugs whose use, posession, cultivation, manufacture and/or sale are illegal
What is an exercise addiction?
Exercising compulsively in order to meet certain needs such as nurturance, intimacy, self-esteem and competency
What is withdrawal?
Experienced by individuals addicted to drugs or behaviour when the drug is not consumed or behaviour not engaged in
What is an expectorant?
Formulated to loosen phlegm
There is some controversy about the effectiveness of what drug?
Generic
What does delirium tremens involve?
Hallucination, disorientation, tachycardia, hypertension, fever, agitation and diaphoresis
Who is legally bound to maintain confidentiality even when they know that a client is using illegal substances?
Health-care professionals
What do prostaglandins resemble?
Hormones
What are common non steroidal anti0inflammatory drugs?
Ibuprofen, Aspirin and naproxen sodium
What are the 5 forms of therapy?
Individual, group, family, 12-step, and alternatives 12-step
Alcohol and antibiotics diminish the effectiveness of birth control pills in some women is an example of what?
Inhibition
A common ________ reaction occurs between antacid tablets and aspirin.
Inhibitory
What is oral ingestion?
Intake of drugs through the mouth
The drug antabuse is used to help individuals addicted to alcohol. It blocks the receptors on their liver, stopping them from breaking down alcohol. As a result, if they consume alcohol they experience fever, nausea and vomitting. What is this an example of?
Intolerance
What gender gambles more? What age group is it increasing amongst?
Men gamble more than women; increasing among students
What are suppositories?
Mixtures of drugs and a waxy medium where the drug is slowly released when the wax melts in the vascular regions of the anus or the vagina
What are biochemical messengers called?
Neurotransmitters
What is an anticholinergics?
Often added to cold preparations to reduce nasal secretions and tears
What is the response to drugs influences by?
One's internal environment, and the total external environment
What does set refer to?
One's internal environment, or mindset at the time the drug is taken
What are the 5 ways in which a drug is taken into the body?
Oral ingestion, injection, inhalation, inunction and suppositories
Most what drugs are manufactured from a basic group of 1000 chemicals with as few as 2 and as many as 10 of these chemicals
Over the counter drugs
Most Canadians when surveyed said they had taken what in the past month?
Pain relievers
The earliest what were made of derivatives manufactured from the opium poppy?
Pain relievers
Most pain relievers work at the receptor sites by interrupting what?
Pain signals
What is a negative consequence?
Physical damage, legal trouble, financial problems etc
Drug nutrient interactions are described as are defined as what kind of relationships between a drug and a nutrient? (4)
Physical, chemical, physiological or pathophysiological
The misuse of what is one of the leading public health and safety issues in Canada
Prescription drugs
What are the six categories of drugs?
Prescription drugs, over the counter, illicit, recreational drugs, herbal preparations and commercial drugs
What is an inhalant?
Products sniffed or inhaled in order to produce highs
Drug use and chronic stress can alter was?
Receptor sites and cause the production and breakdown of neurotransmitters
What is a rebound effect?
Severe withdrawal effects, including depression, nausea and violent behaviours
What do drugs attach themselves to?
Specific receptor sites
What is a herbal preparation?
Substances of plant origin believed to have medicinal properties
What is drug use?
Taking a drug for the reason it was intended
What is tolerance?
Taking progressively larger or more intense dose of a drug to reach the desired euphoric effect
What is cross tolerance?
The development of a tolerance to one drug that carries over to another similar drug
What does setting refer to?
The drug user's total external environment; physical and social aspects of your environment at the time you take the drug
What is drug abuse?
The excessive used of a drug
What is denial?
The inability to perceive that the behaviour or drug use are self-destructive
What is loss of control?
The inability to predict reliably whether any isolated occurrence of the behaviour or use of a drug will be healthy or damaging
What is an intramuscular injection?
The introduction of drugs directly into a muscle using a hypodermic needle
What is an intravenous injection?
The introduction of drugs directly using a hypodermic needle into a vein
What is an injection?
The introduction of drugs into the body via a hypodermic needle
What is a subcutaneous injection?
The introduction of drugs into the layer of fat directly beneath the skin using a hypodermic needle
What is inhalation?
The introduction of drugs through the nostrils
What is inunction?
The introduction of drugs through the skin
What is a route of administration?
The manner in which a drug is taken into the body
What is relapse?
The tendency to return to the addictive behaviour or drug after a period of abstinence
Why is drug abuse hard to quantify?
Too much for one person may be too little for another person
Women and older Canadians are more likely to report using these medications
Tranquilizers
What is shopping and borrowing? Who is it targeted towards?
Using a credit card to pay for something even if you don't have the money at the time; targeted towards students
What is drug misuse?
Using a drug it was not intended for
What is nurturing through avoidance?
When a person repeatedly seeks relief from unpleasant feelings or situations
For every _____ state, there is a corresponding _____ state.
psychological; physiological