Chapter 9: Urban Geography

What are the four characteristics of the hearths of urbanization?

1. Agricultural surplus 2. Social stratification 3. People became engaged in economic activities beyond agriculture (specialty crafts, military trade, government) 4. All urban hearths were located near water and advanced farming techniques were used

Describe post WWII in terms of urban development.

1. Because of automobiles and roads, suburbs emerged near transportation corridors. 2. The outer edge grew and became more functionally independent of the central city. 3. Suburban downtowns emerged to serve new local economies. 4. Suburbs developed around shopping centers. 5. Parks, offices, hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities, and stadiums were built.

What are 3 examples of megacities?

1. Beijing 2. Cairo 3. Mexico City

Describe a "typical" European city (7).

1. Center of those cities are typically characterized by a dense conglomeration of residential, retail, civic, and religious structures. 2. Low degree of functional zonation in urban core but high degree in suburbs. 3. No particular order to street pattern or city 4. Some neighborhoods in core are wealthy, periphery is poorer 5. Periphery affected by the Industrial Revolution 6. Commercial centers, high-rise buildings now in suburbs 7. Suburbs house the wealthy who can afford to live there and commute to cities

What are the three types of North American Models?

1. Concentric Zone 2. Sector Model 3. Multiple Nuclei

What are 4 examples of global cities?

1. London 2. Paris 3. Amsterdam 4. New York

What are 3 examples of ethnic neighborhoods in Europe?

1. London (the UK) --> Jamaican 2. Madrid (Spain) --> Moroccan 3. France --> Algeria

What are 2 examples of galactic cities?

1. Los Angeles 2. Toronto

What are the five urban hearths?

1. Mesopotamia 2. Nile River Valley 3. Indus River Valley 4. Huang He and Wei 5. Mesoamerica 6. Peru

What are 2 examples of non-colonial primate cities?

1. Paris 2. London

What are two other names for the Industrial Revolution?

1. Second Urban Revolution 2. Second Agricultural Revolution

Who was the Central Place Theory written by, and why was it written?

1. Walter Christaller 2. To explain where cities, towns, and villages are "likely" to be located

What did rapid population in the suburbs create?

1. distant nuclei 2. reduced the volume and level of interaction between the central city and these emerging suburban cities

What are 4 features that certain cities have in common?

1. downtown 2. shopping malls 3. industrial districts 4. surrounding suburbs

Today, world cities are most concerned with which three things?

1. global financial institutions 2. flows of information 3. multinational corporations

What are 3 examples of how zones of the city play roles in the city's life?

1. residential zone 2. industrial zone 3. "green" zone

What were 4 major negatives of people moving to cities?

1. slums emerged in once beautiful cities 2. horrid and unsanitary working conditions 3. long hours 4. child laborers

Why did the Industrial Revolution change transportation significantly?

1. the railroad 2. steam and coal power

What are two examples of the improvements in farming techniques?

1. varying seeds 2. improved livestock breeding

When was the first city in Mesoamerica created?

1100 BCE

When was the first city in the Huang He and Wei River Valleys created?

1500 BCE

When was the first city in the Indus River Valley created?

2200 BCE

When was the first city in the Nile River Valley created?

3200 BCE

When was the first city in Mesopotamia created?

3500 BCE

What does the Concentric Zone Model divide the city into?

5 concentric zones defined by their function

In the US, what percentage of the population resides in the suburbs?

50%

What percentage of Europeans still live in cities today?

80%

When was the first city in Peru created?

900 BCE

What is a city?

A city is an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as center for politics, culture, and economics.

By 1973, what surpassed central cities in total employment?

American suburbs

What is a galactic city?

Complex urban area in which the centrality of functions is no longer significant

Who invented the Concentric Zone Model and when?

Ernest Burgess, 1920s

True or False: Cities in various geographic regions of the world do not have their own distinct characteristics.

False -- Mumbai looks very different than Chicago or Paris

What are the two secondary hearths?

Greece & Rome

What is the Central Place Theory?

It is a model used to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (towns, villages, cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed. It is also a framework for showing a relationship between cities and their surrounding areas based on people's demand for goods and services. In his theory, Christaller presents that large cities serve as the economic centers of regions because they provide a variety of the goods and services that are not available in smaller communities. The central place is usually accessible through a means of transportation and people on occasion will travel there to take advantage of the "big city" amenities: sports arenas, museums, food, specialty stores, etc. A central place has "items" that are not available in the hinterlands.

What comprises Zone 1?

It is the CBD and the center of the city. It is divided into subdistricts, such as financial and retail.

Why is the Industrial Revolution a true turning point in history?

It laid the foundation for a globally connected world.

When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Late 1800s in Great Britain

From which city did agriculture and urbanization spread to Greece?

Mesopotamia

In short, what happened as a result of suburbs?

New decentered urban metropolitan area came into being

What comprises Zone 2?

Residential deterioration and encroachment by business and light manufacturing

What city did Greece impact the most?

Rome

Why are suburbs no longer an appendage to the central city? What is an example?

Suburbs contain their own major cultural and economic activities. Example is Boca Raton.

What is an example of functional zonation?

The Roman Forum (zone of public space and the market place) combined into one zone -- the focal point of Roman life

Explain the concept of a galactic city.

The old downtown plays a role of festival or recreational area. Industrial parks, shopping centers, industrial spaces, edge-cities, downtowns, and industrial suburbs became the new centers of economic activity.

What did the outer cities of the suburban ring do?

The outer cities of the suburban ring became more self-sufficient as locational advantages produced an ever-greater range of retailing and employment activity. Regional shopping centers emerged in the suburban zone and became the CBDs of other nuclei. Also, new businesses and industrial parks sprang up outside central city.

What is suburbanization?

The process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized. It occurs as people and businesses move from the city to these spaces.

What does the urban area include?

The urban area includes the build-up of space of the central city and suburbs. It also includes the city and the surrounding area connected to the city distinctly non-rural and nonagricultural.

What are megacities?

They are primate cities in developing countries that exert power and influence, although not to the degree of world cities. They are large in population and must have over 10 million people. Megacities are usually located on the semi-periphery.

True or False? Worldwide more people live in urban areas than rural areas.

True

How fast can urbanization happen? How does this rate compare to that of ancient times?

Urbanization can happen very quickly today. Originally, urbanization took thousands of years to develop.

What is urbanization?

Urbanization is movement from the rural to a town or city. It is when the expanding city absorbs the rural countryside.

What is a primate city?

a country's dominant city that is disproportionately large, center of government, most economically influential

What do the trade area and population combine to form?

a hierarchy of an urban setting following a pattern called the rank-size rule

Of what was Rome the apex?

a hierarchy of settlements ranging from small villages to larger cities

What is site?

absolute location (often for trade/defense purposes)

What are trade areas?

adjacent regions to every city or town where its influence is dominant

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, what was Europe based on?

agriculture

Why did Burgess describe his model as dynamic?

as the city grew, inner zones encroached on the outer ones so that CBD functions invaded Zone 2 and problems of Zone 2 affected Zone 3

By the second half of the 20th century and beyond the location of industry, where did people move?

away from the congested urban areas to further locations

Why did cities become more complex and older versions of models grow more outdated?

because of the rise of suburbs

How did urban geographers come up with the idea of a trade area?

by looking at the size of cities and their locations relative to other cities

What comprises Zone 3?

closely spaced, modest homes of the blue-collar labor force

What is functional zonation?

dividing the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions)

Where did industrialization diffuse from and then to?

from Great Britain to the European mainland

Each model, regardless of region in the world, is a study of what?

functional zonation

What are world cities also called and why?

global cities because they have changed and shifted position in their ranking status over the years

What is Rank-Size Rule?

in a "model" urban hierarchy the population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy: if the largest city has 12 million people, the second largest will have 6 million (half the population of the largest city); the third largest will have 4 million (one-third)

Why is Greek city structure important?

it created the basis for Europe

What is a central city?

it is the urban area that is not suburban, generally an older area surrounded by the newer suburbs

As the city grew, what happened to the land?

it was converted into zones around the outside margins of the city

What did the Industrial Revolution lead to?

large-scale rural to urban migration in Europe

What is situation?

location relative to other things at that time

What comprises Zone 4?

middle-class residences

What are ethnic neighborhoods a product of in Europe?

migrations from former colonies

What happened as North American cities became more complex?

models became more complex

Eventually where did people move as a result of capitalism?

moved off shore, mass produced items later outsourced to the "developing" countries

Where were factories usually located?

near a source of water or transportation

Because of the agricultural surplus, what could people do?

other things besides farming

What are world cities?

powerful cities that control a disproportionately high level of the world's economic, political, and cultural activities

Over time, most notably in the US, the suburbs or suburban cities have evolved into what?

self-sufficient urban entities

Which of the following can change: site or situation?

situation, site cannot change

What have the suburbs become?

the "essence of the modern American city"

What is the innovation of the city?

the First Urban Revolution

What was the foundation for how cities were set up later on in Europe?

the Roman plan: settlements were linked to Rome through roads, sea routes, trading ports

City models define key economic zones as what?

the central business district (CBD)

What do models reflect of the US?

the changing structure of the North American city and its various functional zones

What did urban geographers study during the 1900's?

the distribution of cities in Europe and the Americas

Where do most migrants to European cities come from?

the global periphery or from poorer areas in eastern and southern Europe

Which city has the largest trade area?

the largest city

When did the revolution in farming techniques take place?

the late 1700s

What is urban morphology?

the layout of a city, its physical form and structure

What is a suburb?

the outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area and is most often adjacent to the central city

Why were the secondary hearths different from the urban hearths?

their cities were created with a purpose and a function

Why are world cities concerned with these three ideas?

they all drive the global and world political landscape

Why are primate cities important?

they connect to major world cities

What have urban geographers done to best describe cities worldwide?

they have charted/mapped cities and created various models

As a result, what happened when many factories were simply abandoned?

they were made into the "rust belts" of the once thriving areas

Why do people from smaller towns and villages come to the city?

to shop and/or conduct business

When doesn't Rank-Size Rule apply?

when a country has a supremely dominant city