Chapter 9
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
A turtle is an animal.
Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?
sparrow
cognitive economy
storing shared properties just once at a higher-level node
3 levels of categories
superordinate basic subordinate/ specific
Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?
Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.
sentence verification technique
Edward smith used to determine how rapidly people could answer questions about an object's category
Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
Parallel distributed processing theory
hierarchical model
a model consisting of levels arranged so that more specific concepts are a the bottom and more general concepts are at higher levels
___ is a "typical" member of a category.
a prototype
principle of connectionism
a stimulus presented to the input units are represented by the patter of activity that is distributed across of the units
typicality effect
ability to judge high prototypical objects more rapidly
exemplars
actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past ex: if a person has encountered sparrows, robins, blue jays in the past then each of these would be an exemplar of the category birds
connectionism
approach to creating computer models for representing cognitive processes
connectionist network
based on neural networks but are not necessarily identical to them key properties is that a specific category is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.
connection weight
determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit
graceful degradation
disruption on performance occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged
The definitional approach to categorization
doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the___approach to categorization.
exemplar
superordinate
global level most general category level distinguished
category
includes all possible examples of a particular concept
exemplar approach to categorization
involves determining whether an object is similar to other objects involves many examples
prototype
is a typical member of the category
spreading activation
is activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node
According to the typicality effect,
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
conceptual knowledge
knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events to make inferences about their properties
hierarchal organization
larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories, creating a number of levels of categories
basic level
level above which much information is lost and below which little is gained
prototype approach to categorization
membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category
subordinate
most specific category level distinguished
In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a
node
units
part of the connectionist network inspired by the neurons found in the brain
family resemblance
proposed by Wittgenstein idea that things in a particular category resemble on another in a number of ways allows for some variation within a category
semantic network approach
proposes that concepts are arranged in networks
hidden units
receive signals from input units send signals to output units
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___ categories results in the largest gain in information.
superordinate level to basic level
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
the distance that must be traveled through the network.
concepts
the mental representation of a class of individual the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas provide rules for sorting object into categories
categorization
the process by which things are placed in categories
activation of units in a network depend on 2 things:
the signal that originates in the input units the connection weights throughout the network
parallel distributed processing (PDP)
they propose that concepts are represented by activity that is distributed across a network
Which of the following would be in a basic level category?
truck
input units
units activated by stimuli from the environment or stimuli presented by the experimenter
definitional approach to categorization
we can decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether a particular object meets the definition of the category