Chapter I

Communication is Irreversible

"Once a word goes out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again." -Russian Proverb

verbal Feedback

("That's two burgers and fries, right?")

Clifford Christians and Michael Traber lay out three universe cultural norms, in "Communication Ethics and Universal Values" they are:

(1) the value of truth, (2) respect for another person's dignity, and (3) the expectation that innocent people should not suffer harm.

unintentional Feedback

(a yawn as you listen to your uncle tell his story about bears again);

intentional Feedback

(applause at the conclusion of a symphony)

nonverbal Feedback

(blushing after being asked out on a date).

Three measures of communication competence

-The Message should be understood as the communicator intended it to be understood. -The Message should achieve the communicator's intended effect. -The Message should be ethical.

Most people spend between ________ percent of their waking hours communicating with others.

80 and 90

Making Sense

Although we often think that "making sense out of something" means rationally and logically interpreting what we experience, we also make sense through intuition, feelings, and emotions.27

"The art of communication, is the language of leadership."

Author James Humes,

A message is communicated from sender to receiver via some pathway called a ________.

Channel: When you talk with your mother face to face, the channels are many. You see her: the visual channel. You hear her: the auditory channel. You may smell her perfume: the olfactory channel. You may hug her: the tactile channel.

The communication-as-action approach was developed by...it runs into problems in that....

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver....communication is rarely so linear as input/output based.

In their book Communication Ethics and Universal Values, communication scholars ________and___________ claim that, "Every culture depends for its existence on norms that order human relationships and social institutions."40

Clifford Christians and Michael Traber

Sophie wants to ask her mom if she can stay out later than her curfew tonight. Sophie isn't sure if this will go well, so she carefully monitors her mom's mannerisms as she speaks and adjusts her message accordingly. This is a reflection of which model of communication?

Comm as Transaction

Noise

Communicating accurate messages involves minimizing both literal and psychological noise. literal—the obnoxious roar of a lawn mower psychological--as competing thoughts, worries, and feelings that capture our attention.

________________ is the process of translating ideas, feelings, and thoughts into a code. Vocalizing a word, gesturing, and establishing eye contact are means of encoding our thoughts into a message that can be decoded by someone.

Encoding;

_________are the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which we determine what is right or wrong.

Ethics

According to Virginia Satir, what is the single largest factor in determining the types of relationships we form with others?

Family Comms

____________ occurs when a mediated message is sent to many people at the same time.

Mass communication

Shirley was shaking her head and furrowing her brow while her friend spoke. Shirley was using _____ communication to express her emotions.

NONVERBAL

____________communication is communication by means other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone.

Nonverbal

_________________ communication is the study of human communication as it occurs within organizations.

Organizational (includes applications of interpersonal, group, and presentational communication)

To adjust both what is communicated and how a message is communicated; to make choices about how best to formulate a message and respond to others to achieve your communication goals.

adapt

When you ________ a message, you make choices about how best to formulate both your message content and delivery, and how to respond to someone, in order to ethically achieve your communication goals.

adapt

_____________communication occurs when a speaker addresses a gathering of people to inform, persuade, or entertain.

Presentational

List the Five Fundamental Communication Principles

Principle One: Be aware of your communication with yourself and others. Principle Two: Effectively use and interpret verbal messages. Principle Three: Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages. Principle Four: Listen and respond thoughtfully to others. Principle Five: Appropriately adapt messages to others.

Components of the Human Communication Process

Source R Message C N E D Context F

Human communication

The process of MAKING SENSE out of the world and SHARING that SENSE with others by CREATING MEANING through the use of Verbal and Nonverbal MESSAGES.

Communication

The process of acting on information.

Messages (Verbal and Nonverbal)

Verbal and nonverbal symbols.People don't always accurately interpret the messages we express—and this unprofound observation has profound implications.

There is something between the source and the receiver:

We filter messages through past experiences, attitudes, beliefs, values, prejudices, and biases.

Sharing Sense

We typically use words to express our thoughts, but we also use music, art, clothing, and a host of other means to convey what we are thinking and feeling to others.

1948, Harold Lasswell described the process as follows:

Who (sender) Says what (message) In what channel To whom (receiver) With what effect

Symbol

Words, sounds, gestures, or visual images that represent thoughts, concepts, objects, or experiences.

How can you appropriately adapt messages to others?

You should know your audience's expectations.

What is the text's recommendation for choosing a method of communication?

Your communication method should match your goal.

A message that is understood and achieves its intended effect but that manipulates listeners, unfairly restricts their choices, or uses false information may be effective, but it is not __________

appropriate or ethical

The Self- Perceived Communication Competence Scale was developed to ___

appropriate or ethical obtain information concerning how competent people feel they are in a variety of communication contexts and with a variety of types of receivers.

In a communication transaction, the meaning of a message is ______________ by the individuals who are involved in the communication process.

co-created ("coordinated management of meaning"

Most scholars today view this perspective as the most realistic model of communication.

communication-as-transaction

The new information, ideas, or suggested actions that a communicator wishes to express; what is said.

content dimension

All communication takes place in some __________, the physical, historical, and psychological communication environment.

context

The process of interpreting ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into a code is known as _____.

decoding

Trevor recently turned eighteen and gets to vote in the next election for the first time. His older sister Vanessa tried to give him unbiased information on the candidates rather than telling him whom to vote for or giving him skewed information. Vanessa demonstrated _____ communication.

ethical

Communication is inescapable

even when you are not trying to express anything, people judge you by your behavior, not your intent.

other-oriented—

ex: Communication should acknowledge the perspective of others, not just that of the creator of the message.

Communication as Interaction

give-and-take approach;

When we treat people as objects, or when we respond to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people, we are engaging in ___________________.

impersonal communication

Although it emphasizes feedback and context, the ___________________Model of Communication still views communication as a linear, step-by-step process.

interaction

The _____ model of communication emphasizes feedback and context, but also views communication as a linear, step-by-step process.

interaction

According to leaders in major corporations, the most important skills for workers to have are listening and _____ skills.

interpersonal communication

By ___________communication, we mean the communication that occurs within yourself, including your thoughts, your emotions, and your perceptions of yourself and others.

intrapersonal

A ________________ consists of symbols and a system of rules (grammar) that make it possible for people to understand one another.

language

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, who viewed communication as a _____________________

linear input/output process

A news outlet publishing an online article is an example of _____ communication.

mass

Any communication expressed via some channel other than those used when we communicate in person (physical media, such as a wire, a cable, a phone line, smartphone, a TV set, a computer, or some other technology, carry the messages between sender and receiver)

mediated communication

Competent communication includes which of the following criteria?

msg should achieve the communicators intended effect

Communication within the American Cancer Society would be an example of _____ communication.

organixational

When you are _________________, you consider the needs, motives, desires, and goals of your communication partners while still maintaining your own integrity.

other-oriented

Rosa is performing her twenty-minute stand-up routine at the local comedy club tonight. Rosa's performance is an example of _____ communication.

presentational

The goal of ___________ may be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.In ___________, our goals are often to solve problems and make decisions.In our _______________, our goals may be to build trust, develop intimacy, or just enjoy someone's company.

public speaking;small groups;interpersonal relationships

synchronous communication

real time when we receive immediate feedback.

The _____________ is the person who decodes the signal and attempts to make sense of what the source encoded.

receiver

The aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotions, attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker directs toward others; how something is said.

relationship dimension

Aristotle defined _____________ as the process of discovering the available means of persuasion in a given situation.

rhetoric

A followable prescription that indicates what behavior is required or preferred and what behavior is prohibited in a specific situation

rule

We define ____________ communication as the verbal and nonverbal message transactions that occur among three to about fifteen people who share a common goal, who feel a sense of belonging to the group, and who exert influence on one another.

small group

communication competence

the ability to communicate appropriately and successfully, regardless of the setting.

A team of researchers led by Robert Kraut and Sara Kiesler made headlines when they published the results of their study, which concluded that ___________

the more people use the Internet, the less they interact with people in person

The source of communication is _______________________. As the developer of that thought or emotion, the source puts a message into a ______ that can be understood by a receiver.

the originator of a thought or an emotion; code

asynchronous communication

there may be a time delay between when you send a message and when it is received.

The communication-as- ___________perspective, which evolved in the _______, acknowledges that when we communicate with another, we are constantly reacting to what our partner is saying and expressing.

transaction ;1960s

Interpersonal communication reflects the characteristics of the _______ model of communication discussed earlier. It is a dialogue in the sense that all communicators are influenced and meaning is created simultaneously

transactional

The process that is the opposite of encoding, occurs when the words or unspoken signals are interpreted by the receiver.

Decoding

___________ communication, a growing area of communication study, examines the role and importance of communication that has an effect on our health.

Health (One study found that doctors who take the time to talk and listen to their patients had a profound and positive effect on their patients' health.82 Health communication scholars also study how to best design campaigns to encourage healthy habits, such as messages about getting fit, losing weight, avoiding sexually transmitted diseases, or quitting smoking.)

Hector was stern when he told his son Jackson, "You have to clean your room today." When Jackson began to complain, Hector crossed his arms and told him he would be grounded if he didn't clean his room by tomorrow. Which part of this interaction is an example of the content dimension?

Hector stated, "You have to clean your room today."

Creating Meaning

In fact, what is expressed by one person is rarely interpreted by another person precisely as intended.

_____________ is a special form of human communication that occurs when we interact simultaneously with another person and attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships.

Interpersonal communication

Which of the following is an example of intrapersonal communication?

Laila mentally encourages herself as she runs a marathon.