Chapters 10-12
Transcendentalists believed that
"reason" was more important than "understanding."
Know-Nothing Movement
A nativist political party also known as the American party that contributed to the collapse of the existing party system and were anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant
The Southern failure to create a flourishing commercial or industrial economy was in part the result of
a set of values distinctive to the South that discouraged the growth of cities and industry.
Which of the following statements about Southern slavery is true?
The majority of slaveowners were small farmers, but the majority of slaves lived on plantations of medium or large size.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
a slave preacher who in 1831 led a band of African Americans armed with guns and axes around one night in Virginia and killed 60 white people before they were stopped by state/federal troops
American Colonization Society
abolitionist organization founded in 1817 with the purpose of transporting blacks back to Africa, forming the Republic of Liberia in 1822.
Opponents of abolitionism in the North believed
abolitionists were dangerous radicals. the movement would lead to a war between the North and South the movement would lead to a great influx of free blacks into the North
The rise of New York City in the first half of the nineteenth century was the result of all of the following EXCEPT
an absence of "nativist" sentiment.
One of the immediate results of the new transportation routes constructed during the "canal age" was
an increased white settlement in the Northwest.
After 1830, which of the following reform movements began to overshadow the others?
antislavery
Slave resistance in the South often took all of the following forms EXCEPT
armed revolts.
Slaves used music
as a means of expressing their dreams and frustrations.
The creation of asylums
attempted to rehabilitate "unfit" people into useful citizens.
American utopians
attracted thousands of followers during the antebellum period.
The Oneida Community
believed it liberated women from the demands of male "lust" and from traditional bonds of family.
The reform movements of the first half of the nineteenth century reflected which of the following impulses?
both an optimistic faith in human nature, and a desire for control and order
A minority of Southern whites owned slaves,
but the slaveholding planters exercised power and influence far in excess of their numbers.
The most important and popular American painters of the early nineteenth century
considered untamed nature the best source of spiritual inspiration.
Slave Families
consistently operated on the model of the "nuclear family."
The slave codes of the Southern states
contained rigid provisions but were unevenly enforced.
Artisan workers
created the nation's earliest trade unions.
Throughout the North, black Americans
defended their freedom and responded eagerly to the cause of abolitionism.
describe geographic changes in the American South's slave population between 1840-1860
dramatically shifted into the Southwest - slave population increased
The nativist movement wanted to
enact more restrictive naturalization laws.
The Lowell or Waltham system of recruiting labor was to
enlist young women from farm families.
describe some characteristics of the American slave family
extended kinship networks were strong and important in Antebellum South, up to 1/3 of families were broken up by the sale of family members
The emphasis on educational reform was consistent with the spirit of the age because it
focused on teaching children the values of order and discipline.
Personal Liberty Laws
forbade state officials to assist in the capture and return of runaways.
The movement that advocated keeping slavery out of the territories was known as the
free-soil movement.
According to the "cavalier" image, Southern planters were
genteel aristocrats.
Which of the following was NOT a technological advance that sped the growth of industry during this period?
improved water-power generators
The paternalistic factory system of Lowell and Waltham did not last long because
in the highly competitive textile market, manufacturers were eager to cut labor costs.
In the middle-class family during this era, the role of women changed from
income producer to income consumer.
what were some impacts of commercial and industrial growth in the US prior to 1860?
increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor
The South in 1860, in contrast to 1800, had become
increasingly unlike the North and increasingly sensitive to criticism.
Although most whites did not own slaves, most supported the plantation system because
it controlled the slaves they had economic ties to it slaveholder and nonslaveholder were often related they identified with fierce regional loyalties
The South had a "colonial" economy in that
it produced raw materials and purchased finished products.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
leader of one of the first groups of the transcendentalists, nationalist philosopher with many well-known essays and lectures about the quest for self-fulfillment and self-reliance
limited liability laws
legal system that means that individual stockholders risked losing only the value of their own investment if a corporation should fail, and that they weren't liable for the corporation's larger losses
Immediate abolition gradually accomplished was the slogan of
moderate antislavery forces.
describe trends in slave ownership in the years leading up to the Civil War
most white Southerners owned no slaves planter aristocracy - most were 1st-generation settlers
Which of the following helped enlarge the urban population in this era?
northeast farmers immigrants from Europe and the growth of the population as a whole
The growth of the agricultural economy of the Northwest affected the sectional alignment of the United States because
northwestern goods were sold to residents of the Northeast and northeastern industries sold their products to the Northwest.
what is believed to be the biggest single unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites?
perception of white racial superiority
describe the impact of railroads on the US in the 1820s and 1830s
played a relatively small role in the nation's transportation system by 1836, more than a thousand miles of track had been laid in 11 states - not a true railroad system (short lines)
During the 1820s and 1830s, railroads
played only a secondary role in the nation's transportation system.
Black adaptation to slavery
produced a rich and complex culture in support of racial pride and unity.
The creation of "asylums" for social deviants was an effort to:
reform and rehabilitate the inmates.
Each of the following was an example of new ideas about health in this era EXCEPT
reforms promulgated by city health boards to cure epidemics.
In his essay "Resistance to Civil Government," Henry David Thoreau claimed an individual should
refuse to obey unjust laws.
Most Southern white "ladies" were
relatively isolated from people outside their own families.
The Southern concept of honor
resulted in the adoption of an elaborate code of chivalry.
The most profound economic development in mid-nineteenth-century America was the
rise of factory
As women in various reform movements confronted the problems they faced in a male-dominated society, they responded by
setting in motion the first important feminist movement.
The most important economic development in the mid-nineteenth-century South was the
shift of economic power from the "upper South" to the "lower South."
how did the center of economic power in the South shift prior to the 1860s?
shifted from the upper South to the lower South ("Deep South") growing dominance of cotton decline of tobacco economy
The expansion of Southern agriculture from 1820 to 1860 was due to the expanded cultivation of
short-staple cotton in the Black Belt.
Which of the following did NOT inhibit the growth of effective labor resistance?
slavery
Paternalism and slavery
slaves formed complex relationships with their masters; dependent on whites for necessities. There were paternal relationships between slave and master- harsh or kindly, which helped reduce resistance
African-American religion
sometimes combined Christianity with traditional African religions.
what were some impacts of the rise of the American factory system?
spread rapidly and began to change the old home-based system of spinning threads and weaving cloth the American industry grew the value of manufactured goods was almost equal to that of agricultural products
Evangelical Protestantism added major strength to which of the following reforms?
temperance
The railroad network that developed during this period linked
the Northeast to the Northwest.
The unequal distribution of wealth NOT create more resentment was
the actual living standard of the workers was improving.
In The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom (1976), Herbert Gutman argues that
the black family survived slavery with impressive strength.
The historical debate over the nature of plantation slavery demonstrates
the extent to which historians are influenced by the times in which they write.
Which of the following was NOT a condition of slave life in the South?
the freedom to use the time after work as they wished
At the time it was completed, the Erie Canal was
the greatest construction project Americans had ever undertaken.
Horace Mann
the greatest of the educational reformers, saw education as the only way to protect democracy; reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year, and doubled teachers' salaries, enriched the curriculum, introduced new methods of professional training for teachers
describe immigration trends in the US from 1840-1860
the growth of cities accelerated dramatically between 1840-1860 between 1840 and 1860, more than 1.5 million Europeans moved to America - majority was German and Irish
what factors led to the South's failure to develop a large industrial economy?
the humid climate little access to liquid capital profitability of cotton cultural values dependency on North
Crucial to the operation of railroads was
the invention of the telegraph.
how did the Lowell factory system labor force change in the 1840s?
the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force instead of native, young, unmarried women
Slaves seemed to prefer to live on larger plantations because
they had more opportunities for privacy and for a social world of their own.
why did a campaign against drunkenness emerge in the 1840s?
they linked alcohol to crime, disorder, and poverty
Educational reformers intended public schools to perform all of the following roles EXCEPT
to raise questions and criticisms of authority.
Seneca Falls Convention
took place in upperstate New York in 1848, women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women; there, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
what trend can be seen in US cholera epidemics in the 1830s and 1840s?
typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease
The telegraph
was first used to announce the victory of James K. Polk in the presidential election of 1844.
The American population between 1820 and 1840
was migrating westward.
Henry David Thoreau
went farther than Emerson in repudiating the repressive forces of society which produced "lives of quiet desperation", wrote Walden; said individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society's expectations and responding instead to their own instincts
Shakespeare's plays
were generally viewed as entertainment for the nation's elite classes.
Cult of Domesticity
women could live lives of greater comfort and higher values and were placed upon working in the household and taking care of children, but they were detached from public
Uncle Tom's Cabin
written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853, the work highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and Slavery; a novel promoting abolition which intensified sectional conflict
The beginnings of an industrial labor supply can be traced to
a dramatic increase in food production.
The typical white Southerner was
a modest yeoman farmer.
The only "successful" slave insurrection in the nineteenth-century South was led by
Nat Turner.
Religion and slavery
African Americans were Christians; more emotional than its white counterparts and reflected the influence of African customs and practices
The great technical advances in American industry owed much to
American inventors.
Most of the industrial growth experienced in the United States between 1840 and 1860 took place in the
New England region and the mid-Atlantic states.
The most noted black abolitionist of the day was
Frederick Douglass
what were some ways that abolitionists differed in their approach to ending slavery?
Garrisonians were more radical - opposition to all forms of coercion - expell slave states from Union other were more patient and peaceful - appeal to conscience of slaveholders and convince them slavery was sinful went to state/federal gov't and ask for their aid
why did native-born Americans direct hostility towards immigrants in this period?
Growth in nativism: favoring of native-born Americans - felt immigrants were politically corrupt and took jobs away from Americans - racism towards immigrants emerged Know-Nothing Party
The first great American novelist was
James Fenimore Cooper
Slave Codes
Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.
William Lloyd Garrison
Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Which of the following groups was most involved in the feminist movement?
Quakers
Like other experiments in social organization of this era, Mormonism reflected
a belief in human perfectibility.
why did many reform movements emerge in the mid-19th century?
a desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change
