Chapters 11 & 12

Both boys and girls have developed a clear preference for playing with same-sex playmates by age A. 3 years B. 18 months C. 1 year D. 6 months

A. 3 years

Recent studies of sexuality estimate that between ____ percent of men and women are exclusively homosexual during extended periods of their lives. A. 4 and 10 B. 2 and 5 C. 12 and 18 D. 7 and 15

A. 4 and 10

Around ____ percent of men and women age 45 to 59 report having sexual intercourse about once a week or more. A. 50 B. 60 C. 70 D. 80

A. 50

Which of the following is the parenting style in which parents are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. conventional D. permissive

A. authoritative

Which of the following explains the factor that could explain why children raised in cultures in which children are taught to cooperate with other family members to do chores or to help in the upbringing of younger children (such as in Kenya, Mexico, and the Phillippines) show relatively high levels of prosocial behavior? A. childrearing styles B. heterogeneous practices C. genetic influences D. sibling and peer influences

A. childrearing styles

Like the social learning theory, the ____ suggests that family aggression is perpetuated from one generation to another by example. A. cycle of violence hypothesis B. predictive gene theory C. sociobiology approach D. poverty of violence theory

A. cycle of violence hypothesis

Children tend to act less aggressively as they mature and develop ____. A. emotional self-regulation B. relational self-control C. instrumental non-aggression D. social self-limitation

A. emotional self-regulation

Borrowing from Piaget's approach to cognitive development, ____ is the stage in which children are able to think more abstractly, allowing them to understand the meaning of Bible stories and pictures, and to draw inferences from them. A. formal operational religious thought B. spiritual inference religious belief C. interpretive symbolic religious tenet D. post-cognitive religious faith

A. formal operational religious thought

While sexual orientation refers to the direction of one's sexual interests, ____ refers to the gender that a person believes he or she is psychologically. A. gender identity B. gender assignment C. gender definition D. gender acceptance

A. gender identity

Most experts believe that sexual orientation is the product of a complex combination of ____ factors. A. genetic, physiological, and environmental B. physical, psychological, and emotional C. individual, family, and relational D. personal, peer, and societal

A. genetic, physiological, and environmental

Dating typically begins in early adolescence, but it is only in later adolescence that dating generally leads to A. genuine mutual intimacy B. increased opportunities for entertainment C. sexual experimentation D. a clearer sense of one's identity

A. genuine mutual intimacy

Which of the following is evidence of a genetic involvement in gender differences in infants? A. girls exposed to androgen before birth preferred "male" toys to "female" toys B. by age two, girls are more compliant and less independent-acting than boys C. when taking their first steps, boys are encouraged to be independent and girls are held close D. girls playing with "male" toys are less frowned on than boys playing with "female" toys

A. girls exposed to androgen before birth preferred "male" toys to "female" toys

Kohlberg's theory has proven problematic in explaining ____. A. girls' moral development B. adolescents' moral judgements C. abstract social behavior D. post conventional morality

A. girls' moral development

Which of the following is a predictor of spousal abuse? A. high level of verbal aggression B. growing up in an urban setting C. a couple's sexual orientation D. brief economic difficulties

A. high level of verbal aggression

Which of the following is a consequence of early maturation? A. in girls, it can bring increased popularity and self esteem B. in boys, it makes involvement in delinquency and substance abuse less likely C. in boys, it often leads to social embarrassment and teasing D. in girls, it eases the passage to social and academic achievement

A. in girls, it can bring increased popularity and self esteem

One of the main reasons why some people choose not to marry is the A. need for autonomy and independence B. need for diverse and varied relationships C. desire to focus their lives on spiritual matters D. desire for increased financial security

A. need for autonomy and independence

More women than men regard cohabitation as a(n) ____. A. step toward marriage B. alternative to marriage C. way to enjoy regular sex D. test of the relationship

A. step toward marriage

Which of the following is a factor in the recent decrease in teenage pregnancies in the United States? A. the increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception B. the growing popularity of virginity pledges C. decrease in the age of marriage D. reduced socioeconomic disparities among minority groups

A. the increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception

According to ____, moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgments are being made at a given time. A. the social domain approach B. the abstract modeling approach C. heterogeneous moral theory D. immanent justice theory

A. the social domain approach

Although most Americans report having some religious affiliation, such affiliation is not fixed. More than ____ say they have left the faith in which they were raised and become affiliated with another. A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/10 D. 1/2

B. 1/4

Recent research shows that around ____ percent of adolescents have had sex before the age of 20. A. 80 B. 70 C. 60 D. 50

B. 70

Shaver's research on attachment styles and romantic relationships suggests that people who simultaneously want and avoid closeness with another person, and are constantly worried that their partners may leave them tend to reflect a(n) ____ childhood attachment style. A. secure B. ambivalent C. avoidant D. indeterminate

B. ambivalent

In the preschool years, children's expectations about gender behaviors _____. A. have emerged in boys but not yet in girls B. are more stereotyped than at other points in life C. have not yet begun to emerge clearly D. are more open and undefined than in later childhood

B. are more stereotyped than at other points in life

____ approaches to aggression suggests that examining preschoolers' interpretations of others' behavior and the environmental context in which a behavior occurs is key to understanding moral development. A. social learning B. cognitive C. relational D. instrumental

B. cognitive

Gender ____, the awareness that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed biological factors, develops by age 4 or 5. A. assignment B. constancy C. acceptance D. reliability

B. constancy

The noticeable bodily changes that accompany puberty are more often a source of ____ for teenage girls than for teenage boys. A. pride B. embarrassment C. fear D. happiness

B. embarrassment

According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that lacks intimacy and commitment, but includes passion, is an example of ____ love. A. companionate B. infatuated C. romantic D. empty

B. infatuated

Erica is envious of Sara's new sparkly red shoes. On the playground, she tells Sara she can't play with Erica and her friends because she's too fat. This is an example of _____. A. instrumental aggression B. relational aggression C. developmental aggression D. disordered aggression

B. relational aggression

According to Carol Gilligan, boys are raised to view morality primarily in terms of broad principles, whereas girls are raised to regard morality in terms of ____. A. pleasing not displeasing B. responsibility to others C. moving toward consensus D. cooperation not competition

B. responsibility to others

____ approaches to moral development focus on how the environment in which a person operates produces moral behavior. A. preconventional morality B. social learning C. autonomous cooperation D. immanent justice

B. social learning

Jessica watches Brandon punch Tim because Tim took too long at the drinking fountain. The next day, Jessica slaps Eleanor because Eleanor sat in the blue chair Jessica wanted during singing circle. Jessica's aggressive behavior is explained by which of the following? A. the relational aggression theory B. the social learning approach C. the cognitive development theory D. the sociobiological approach

B. the social learning approach

Which of the following is one of these reasons that the midlife divorce rate has been rising? A. increase of romantic love over time B. negative impact of children on marital satisfaction C. divorce is increasingly viewed as a chance to enhance personal happiness D. U.S. books and movies usually romanticize the divorce experience

C. divorce is increasingly viewed as a chance to enhance personal happiness

For many people, middle adulthood bring increased sexual enjoyment and freedom because they are suddenly A. able to purchase contraception without embarrassment B. less inhibited about their bodies than at any prior time C. free to have sex without fear of interruption by children D. more willing to express their physical wants and needs

C. free to have sex without fear of interruption by children

Which of the following is a characteristic of students prone to committing school violence? A. listening to heavy metal B. dressing in "goth" clothes C. low tolerance for frustration D. difficulty learning languages

C. low tolerance for frustration

What components are necessary for romantic love? A. passion, commitment, and intimacy B. passion and commitment C. passion and intimacy D. intimacy and commitment

C. passion and intimacy

People in Kohlberg's level of ____ morality rely upon universal moral principles that are broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live. A. conventional B. preconventional C. postconventional D. metaconventional

C. postconventional

Six year old Lida's offer to share her lunch with a classmate who has forgotten to bring a lunch is an example of ____. A. immanent justice B. conventional morality C. prosocial behavior D. model learning

C. prosocial behavior

A gender ____ is a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender. A. identity B. role C. schema D. script

C. schema

Longitudinal studies have found that preferences for violent television shows at age eight are related to ____ by age 30. A. obsession with violent video games B. failure in love relationships C. seriousness of criminal convictions D. difficulties settling on a career

C. seriousness of criminal convictions

People who feel that they are trapped in the body of the other gender are referred to as A. intersexuals B. pseudosexuals C. transsexuals D. transvestites

C. transsexuals

Which of these is a benefit of religion? A. insight into future events B. a way to prevent natural disasters C. scientific empiricism D. a perspective on one's personal misfortunes

D. a perspective on one's personal misfortunes

In Fowler's ____ stage of faith development, elderly adults develop a broad, inclusive view of religion and all humanity. A. universal B. communal C. reflective D. conjunctive

D. conjunctive

One possible biological explanation of gender differences is that the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain, called the ____, is proportionally larger in females than in males. A. neuronal knot B. myelin cord C. cerebral cortex D. corpus callosum

D. corpus callosum

Some biologically oriented developmentalists, using ____ theory, believe that gender roles developed because forceful males and nurturing females were more likely to find partners, have offspring, and pass on these traits to their babies. A. creationist B. anthropological C. developmental D. evolutionary

D. evolutionary

Prosocial behavior tends to be most often exhibited by children raised in cultures that ____. A. stress conventional morality B. use rights-based reasoning C. promote competition D. foster cooperation

D. foster cooperation

Research on marriage shows that couples in successful marriages tend to A. suppress their occasional feelings of dissatisfaction B. closely balance their wins and losses in arguments C. avoid conflict and tense relationship discussions D. have realistic expectations about their partners

D. have realistic expectations about their partners

The marriage gradient motivates women to seek men who are ____ than they are. A. less attractive B. slightly younger C. more practical D. higher in status

D. higher in status

In Fowler's ____ stage of faith development, people in early and middle adulthood come to understand that their views are one of many and that multiple views of God are possible. A. hopeful-connective B. global-spiritual C. collective-redemptive D. individuative-reflective

D. individuative-reflective

Derek watches Stephan play with a new dump truck, one with a crank to lift the back, and doors that really open. Suddenly, Derek swoops down and yanks the truck away, shouting at Stephan that it's his truck now. This is an example of ____. A. disordered aggression B. contextual aggression C. relational aggression D. instrumental aggression

D. instrumental aggression

At what point during adolescence is true intimacy while dating more common? A. pre adolescence B. middle adolescence C. early adolescence D. late adolescence

D. late adolescence

The relationship between religious meaning and ____ is stronger for African Americans than Caucasians. A. power of prayer B. life expectancy C. prosocial behavior D. life satisfaction

D. life satisfaction

The three major contexts which influence moral reasoning at any given time, according to the social domain approach, are ____. A. communal, agentic, and rights-based B. preconventional, conventional, and postconventional C. political, personal, and cooperative D. moral, social-conventional, and personal

D. moral, social-conventional, and personal

Which of the following statements about gender differences has been shown to be accurate? A. from birth, girls tend to cry more often and for longer periods than boys B. parents show equal concern when their sons and their daughters play with "gender-inappropriate" toys C. at age one, boy and girl babies show no differences in toy preferences D. parents play differently with baby sons than with baby daughters

D. parents play differently with baby sons than with baby daughters

Spanking is associated with _____. A. fostering self-regulation and moral awareness B. better school performance and respect for authority C. identity confusion and non-normative family roles D. poor parent-child relationships and anti-social behavior

D. poor parent-child relationships and anti-social behavior

In Kohlberg's ____, moral reasoning follows rigid rules based on punishments or rewards. A. prosocial morality B. abstract morality C. developmental morality D. preconventional morality

D. preconventional morality

According to Freud's ____ theory, boys and girls identify with their same-sex parent and naturally adopt their parents' gender attitudes and values. A. information processing B. behaviorist C. humanist D. psychoanalytic

D. psychoanalytic

According to ____ approaches to gender development, boys and girls acquire their understanding of gender expectations and behavior by watching others, including neighbors, friends, and characters in books and other media. A. cognitive B. biological C. psychoanalytic D. social learning

D. social learning

____ is the sense of attachment to some higher power, such as God, nature, or a sacred entity. A. Cosmology B. belief C. purpose D. spirituality

D. spirituality

Three stages often occur in marital aggression. In order, they are ____. A. the episode of dishonesty, the violent disagreement stage, and the battering incident B. the loss of love stage, the act of violence, and the complete denial stage C. the unresolved conflict stage, the confused emotions stage, and the violent incident D. the tension building stage, the acute battering incident, and the loving contrition stage

D. the tension building stage, the acute battering incident, and the loving contrition stage

____ are the qualities people see as most desirable and important. A. beliefs B. behaviors C. attitudes D. values

D. values