Chapters 16-18 AP World
Mali Empire
-After kingdom of Ghana -Capital attracted merchants seeking to enter gold trade (Timbuktu, Gal, and Jenne) -Honored Islam-- protection, lodging for Muslim merchants
Constantinople
-Capital of Byzantine Empire -Greatly populated -Strategic Location (Bosphorus Strait,, right between the Black and Mediterranean Sea,, providing trade AND protection bro)
Khubilai Khan
-Chinggis Khan's grandson -Unleashed ruthless attacks against his enemies -Took an interest in cultural matters and worked to improve welfare of subjects (Provided support for Buddhists, Daoists, Muslims, and Christians.)
Frankish Kingdom
-Germanic Tribe (Conquered much of Roman Gaul, Establish Frankish Kingdom) -Expanded by Charles Martel(Stopped Muslim expansion and started the Carolingian Dynasty)
Ethiopia
-Kingdom of Axum -Ethiopian Christianity reflected basic but also African devotees
Ilkhanate(Persia)
-Kublai Khan's brother established -1258 (captured the Abbasid capital of Bagdad -- troops murdered 200,00 people, executed caliphs, and looted cities) -No experience with complex government = fall
The development of the Mongol rule over Russia (Golden Horde):
-Lightly ruled -Forests not suitable for their herbs -Told ruler to pay taxes for their look once a year -200 to 250 rule (longest ruled bro) -Russians ideas did NOT rub off on Mongols
Golden Horde (Russia)
-Mongol Group that overran Russia between 1237 and 1241 -Maintained a large army on the steppes from which they mounted raids of first (Didn't occupy Russia because they regarded as unattractive lands of forest, still extracted tribute from Russian cities and agricultural provinces)
Yuan Dynasty (China)
-Mongols contented paper money(didn't maintain adequate reserves for backed up paper notes, population lost confidence in paper $ and prices inflated) -factions and infighting -Bubonic plaque aka black death bro
The development of the Mongol rule over Persia(Ilkhanate):
-Mongols don't know how to govern -Use Persian as low level administrators (Ministers, Governors, State Officials,, as long as they deliver tax receipts and maintain order) -Assimilate to cultural traditions (Tolerate all religions, in 1295 they converted to Islam ,,, Islam --> privilege position in Persian Society)
Kingdom of Ghana
-Senegal and Niger Rivers -Legend: Preserved by ARAB travelers -Most commercial state because of Gold
The development of China(Yuan Dynasty):
-Separated themselves from Chinese -Brought People from outside to serve as administrators( Central Asia, Western Europe, and South East Asia) -Dismantled confucianism (education and examination system bro) -Tolerated all religions (Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Nestorian Christianity.... Allowed Religious building to be built.)(Lamaist Buddhism: Syncretism between Shamanism and Buddhism)
Tamerlane
-Turkic-Mongol conqueror -Built a HUGE central asian empire! (first persia and afghanistan, attacked Golden Horde, and invaded India and Sultanate of Delhi)
"Stateless Society"/Kinship groups
-Women maintained the local village community -Matrilineal and Matrilocal -Rights, property, titles, transmitted through the female line. -Women distributed all food -Women would provision hunts, councils, war, parties...
Swahili Cities
-controlled taxing trade ---> local chiefs strengthened influence (developed powerful city-state governed by a king and supervised trade and organized public life)(Handsome stone mosques and public buildings, kings wore silk and fine cotton clothes)
Temujin/Chinggis Khan
-unified of the mongols -mistrusted the Mongol's tribal organization (broke up tribes and forced men of age in new military with no tribe affiliations) -successors built capital at Karakoram
What responsibilities did a peasant in early medieval Western Europe have to his/her long, and to what was he/she entitled in return?
A peasant in early medieval Western Europe would be responsible for working and and attention to needs. They produced food, which was consumed by lords and vassals. In return, peasants were given housing and more land for crops
What was Africa perceived as?
As the "Dark Continent" by Europeans as they did not know much,, -Geography: cross Sahara, go to Sahel, land of the black people -Diseases come a lot, nativoesare immune and not many venture past Sahel
Charlemagne
Charlemagne was the grandson of Charles Martel. He was crowned the "Holy Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo II. He conquered Germany, Italy, Belgium, and parts of Spain. The empire did not last long, and it was passed on to his son, Louis the Pious. He could not control the empire so the empire was split among his three sons.
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the wealthy West African Mali Empire. He was basically so rich that he DECREASED THE VALUE OF GOLD BY A LOT HOW DUMB DO YOU HAVE TO BE? I'M GUESSING VERY???
Lords/Vassals (Feudal System)
Feudalism was the relationship between Lord and Vassals. Lord would offer land and protection while Vassals would provide loyalty and military service.
Ottoman Turks
Gained advantage over turks when established foothold on Balkan Peninsula, 1453 captured Constantinople
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Scholar who widely traveled the Medieval World.
Explain the reasons why nomadic armies, especially those of the Mongols had so much success against the much larger armies of settled societies. What were the limitations of Mongol military power?
Nomadic armies, especially those of the Mongols, had so much more success against the much larger armies of settles societies because the Mongols where quick and mobile. They were able to surprise their enemies, prowess in horseback riding, and fly arrows from bows WHILE riding horses towards armies. The mongols were also famous for their terror tactics, they wanted their enemies to know that they were gonna kill them, as they would spread stories about what they did to people. BASICALLY THEY WERE RUTHLESS. The limitations of the Mongol military power was that they had no administrative talents, could not control large empires, and they were illiterate.
Gold-salt Trade
North had salt mines, South had gold. Ghana was in the middle and had a strong army. Traders would meet in Ghana to trade salt for gold or vice versa.
Western historians have often portrayed sub-Saharan African in the pre-modern period as primitive and isolated from the outside world. In what ways is that view inaccurate?
That view is inaccurate in many ways, as trade made Africa anything other than isolated. Eastern Africa was an essential component in the trading world, as the Indian Ocean Basin has a trade network. Western Africa also had a trade system, the Gold-Salt trans-Saharan trade system. They were not primitive as they built mosques and complexes of stones. Their sophisticated structures required cooperation (Great Zimbabwe)
Explain how the lord/vassal system (aka the feudal system) created decentralized government in Western Europe. What made this system prone to instability?
The Lord/Vassal system worked like so: Lords would give land to vassals (loyalty and and military service). Vassals would then hand out more land to more vassals, vassals became lords and vassals. This created instability because there was no central government as everyone relied on Oath of Fidelity to keep promises.
In what ways did Roman Culture and ideas survive in Western Europe and the Byzantine after 500 CE ?
The Roman Culture and ideas survived in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire because there were ideas that still remained, including: -Christian Societies -Modern Languages (Romance Languages, Derived from Latin) -Roman Laws continued in both empires
To what extent was East African("Swahili") society and culture affected by involvement in the Indian Ocean trade?
The Swahili's society and culture was affected and influenced by the Indian Ocean Trade. It provided gold, ivory, and slaves. East African Kings would go on slave raids and attack smaller states to keep up slave demand. Trade bought great wealth to the East. Merchants not only brought goods, but they also brought islam and made a presence along the coast.
Analyze and compare the development of Mongol rule over Russia, Persia, and China
The development of the Mongol rule over Russia (Golden Horde): The development of the Mongol rule over Persia(Ilkhanate): The development of China(Yuan Dynasty): DONE ON NEXT THREE FLASH CARDS BOO BOO
What factors caused the Mongols governments in China and Persia to collapse in the 1300s?
The factors that caused the Mongol Governments in China and Persia to collapse in the 1300s included.... -Financial and Economic Collapse,, excessive spending (same happening in China) as they did not know how to use paper money. Less and less gold to back up claims for paper money and inflation happened. Eventually decreased the value for money -Death of Ilkhan Ghazan 1304(persia),, steep decline and no heir after 1335 and simply collapsed BEFOR THE BLACK PLAGUE -Persian government devolved as Turkish rulers brought back effective centralized governments
In what ways was the life of Turkish and Mongol nomads attuned to the environment in which they lived?
The life of Turkish and Mongol nomads attuned to the environment in which they lived in. This is evident when the Turkish and Mongol nomads would graze herds and would go where ever there was enough food for animals. They lived off of herbs, (food, clothing, and transportation)
Why did the reconstituted "Roman Empire" of Charlemagne not long survive his death?
The reconstituted "Roman Empire" of Charlemagne did not last long after his death because his son could not control local authorities and he gained too much power for themselves. The Carolingian empire then split into three after Louis the Pious's death, giving one part to his three sons. The empire suffered relentless attacks from vikings, magyars, and muslims, which further weakened the Carolingian Empire
Explain the trade dynamic in medieval West Africa. What effects did this trade have on West African politics, society, and culture?
Trans-Saharans traded gold, ivory, and slaves in exchange for horses and salt. This trade shaped politics, the society, and the culture of West Africa. North Africa brought them Islam, many ruling elites converted and much of the population became Muslim. Rulers and Subjects were devout Muslims. Islam had West African tastes. West Africans did not part with culture, politics, and society. There was syncretic bend; islam and traditional African beliefs and practices.
Which was ultimately more important: Viking raiding or Viking trading? (Note: One could make a strong case for either side!)
Viking trade was much more important because it was much more consistent and stretched far and wide because of a vast network. To add, the towns had no value after it was raided.
Vikings
Vikings were norse mariners that would sail down to Europe. They traded with Europeans and raid to get wealth. Their shallow boats helped them sail up rivers, giving them the opportunity to make surprise attacks. They traded and raided Russia, Western Europe, and the Mediterranean.
Great Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe refers simply to the dwelling of a chief. Magnificent stone complex, city of stone towers, palaces, public buildings served as capital. Organized flow of Gold, Ivory, Slaves, and local products.
Steppes
a plain with no trees/grassland that was bad during storms ( lightning hits the highest point which was the steppe!)
Bantu Peoples
people that settles south of the equator (Mande, Kushite, Sundanese) Their diet mainly consisted of bananas, which led them to forest regions which allowed them to expand more rapidly
Seljuk Turks
served Abbasid armies and lived in Abbasid realm 1070-Seljuk forces inflicted devastating defeat on the Byzantine Empires they took the Byzantine Emperor Captive, displaced Byzantine authorizes and set up political and social institutions. They levied taxes on Byzantine church, restricted activities and sometimes confiscated church property ( Welcomed Islam and gave more opportunities)