chapters 25-26

afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

vladmir lenin

The Bolshevick leader who forced a class revolution on Russia. Ended Russian involvement in WWI. He attempted to turn Russia into an entirely communist state.

sinking of listania

an ocean liner that was torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915 and killed almost 2000 people. The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany and was instrumental in bringing the US into World War I.

great rebellion in india aka sepoy mutiny

civilian rebellions in central India, with the major hostilities; posed a threat to British East India's Company power in that region

third world nations

countries that had a role in cold war strategies of Russia after 1953, Khrushchev offered "friendship treaties" (military advice, trade credits and support) in Asia, Africa and Latin America to be freed from colonial rule. Military rule and fragmentation often resulted.

leopold ii of belgium

governor of the Congo Free State who authorized private companies to cruelly force villagers to collect rubber in the forest. This practice didn't allow for the villagers to grow food for themselves, and they were often killed or maimed if there was no more rubber He colonized Central Africa by creating a Belgian civilization in the Congo in settlements.

queen victoria i

opium wars, pushed for selling of opium to china, didn't want to follow Chinese rules outlawing opium, angered the Chinese. received benefits from treaty of Nanking

cheka

secret police, formed by Lenin, made arrests, tortured and executed thousands, took hostages in areas that favored the Whites, ran concentration camps, executed thousands, including the former tsar and his family

j.a. hobson

"Imperialism." against imperialism. said in "Imp." the rush to get colonies was due to the economic needs of unregulated capitalism (particularly the need of the rich to find outlets for surplus stuff); only special-interest groups profited from them at the expense of european taxpayers and the natives; diverted attention from issues at home and the need to reduce the gap between rich and poor. against social darwinism.

the balkans

"The Powder Keg of Europe"—territory that used to be part of the declining Ottoman Empire—Ottoman, Austrian, and Russian empires all want control of this territory but a bunch of small independent states live in this territory and they don't want to be controlled

cecil rhodes

(1853-1902) British statesman who was instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa. He founded the De Beers Mining Company, eventually controlling 90% of the world's diamond production. After becoming prime minister of the Cape Colony (now South Africa) in 1890, he used his influence to strengthen British control over the region. His master plan was to establish a Cape to Cairo railroad line that would link British colonial interests in Africa between Egypt and the Cape Colony in southern Africa. The Boers, however, provided heavy and eventually armed resistance to this proposal. After authorizing an aggressive invasion of the Boer Republic of Transvall which ended poorly, Rhodes was removed from office. However, the seeds of the Boer War had been sown. Zimbabwe used to be named for him.

rudyard kipling

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; wrote the "white man's burden" as the duty of Europeans and Americans to bring order and to civilize people that were not generally white, created a movement of reforms for people that were not white

berlin conference

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

boer war

(1899-1902) Diamonds and gold discovered in Transvaal region, which was controlled by Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers). British sought control of territory, but were successfully repelled at first. Massive British force eventually defeated Boers and in 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa.

suez canal opens

1689

balfour declaration

1917 declaration by the British government that formally established their positive opinion of the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine. It specifically said that this did not allow for the removal of the pre-existing non-Jews living there. (can also refer to the 1926 declaration that recognized self-governing dominions of the British Empire as fully sovereign states)

woodrow wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

archduke francis ferdinand assasinated

2nd in line to the throne of Austria; his assassination by the Serbians (Black Hand) was the spark (immediate cause) that led to WWI

bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917.

gregori rasputin

A self-proclaimed holy man who made the Czar's son feel better magically, Russian people thought he was running the government while Nicholas was fighting WWI, was killed by the Czar's family.

social darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.

total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

georges clemenceau

After being invaded in 1870 and 1914, he wanted to ensure that Germany would never again be a threat to France. At Treaty of Versailles, he insisted upon Germany War-Guilt clause and remained disastisfied with the treaty despite the return of Alsace-Lorraine.

kaiser wilhelm ii

Became ruler of Germany in 1888 and dramatically changed Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to show the world how mighty Germany had become and did not want to share his power with anyone. He let Germany's treaty with Russia lapse in 1890, which allowed Russia to form a defensive military alliance with France. Next, Wilhelm began a shipbuilding program in order to make the German navy equal to the British fleet. This led Britain to form an alliance with France.

the boxer rebellion

Chinese nationalists rebelled against foreign involvement in China by surrounding the foreign embassies. The British, Germans, Russians, Japanese, and Americans quickly mounted a military expedition to relieve the embassy compound. Hay took opportunity to further refine his Open Door Policy. Six weeks later, the multinational expedition reached Peking and put down the rebellion.

joseph conrad

English writer of Polish origin whose novels such as Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim often examined the morality of colonialism

trench warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

world war i in europe

Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was murdered by a Serb patriot. Russia began to mobilize its army, alarming Germany on the east, and France confronted Germany on the west.

prestige

High standing; respect earned by accomplishments

treaty of Versailles 1919

June 28, 1919. Ended WWI. It was terribly unfair to Germany, forcing it to immediately pay to the Allies $5 billion and agree to pay further reparations of an unspecified amount to be decided later. Sig. many believe that this was one of the causes of WWII, caused Germany national assembly to adopt a new constitution in 1919.

nicholas ii

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

gavrilo princip

Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary

the peoples budget

Old age pensions, accident and illness insurance for workers, unemployment benefits