Chapters 9, 10, and 15 Homework

Please select all of the correct statements regarding sample collection from patients to test your understanding of infectious agent specimen collection.

- Aseptic techniques, sterile containers, and tools should be used. - Special treatment media is sued to maintain the specimen for a period of time before clinical anayl

Choose the five main targets of antimicrobial drugs.

- Cell wall synthesis - Cell membrane structure/ function - Protein synthesis - DNA & RNA synthesis - Folic acid synthesis

Select which methods are the most prominent biochemical test used in microbial identification.

- Observation of acid and/or gas production from carbohydrate fermentation - Analysis of the hydrolysis of gelatin, starch, and other polymers - Analysis of the reactions of enzymes such as catalase, oxidase, and coagulase

Zones that indicate susceptibility to tetracycline are greater than 19 mm, whereas resistance is indicated with a zone less than 14 mm. Looking at this image of a Kirby-Bauer test, if the top antibiotic disc represented the zone seen around a tetracycline disc, this organism would be considered __________ to tetracycline.

Susceptible

Sanitization is a process by which ________.

The microbial load on an object is reduced

What are limiting factors of using culturing techniques of diagnose infections?

- It can be difficult to isolate the actual causative agent from other bacteria in the collected specimen - Culturing takes 18-24 hours for incubation which limits the ability to quickly and effectively treat some fatal infections. - Many infections are actually caused by more than one organism.

Which of the follwoing statements describes a microarray?

Absorbent plates ("chips") are loaded with thousands of potential gene sequences from different organisms, and patient specimens are incubated on the plates, allowing a computer to detect regions where there is a match.

Match each statement with the microbial identification technique it describes.

Genotypic = This category includes techniques for the analysis of a microbe's DNA or RNA. Immunologic = This category includes techniques for teh analysis of a microbe using antibodies, or the analysis of patients antibodies using prepackaged antigens. Phenotypic = This category includes techniques for the observation of a microbe's microscopic and macroscopic morphology, physiology, and biochemical properties.

An _________ would be used to destroy bacteria on a countertop whereas an ________ would be used on skin prior to making an incision.

disinfectant, antiseptic

Select a potential new microbial therapies that are under investigation.

- methods that interfere with cell respiration in bacteria - bacteriophage therapy - making use of host and bacterial defense peptides- RNA interference -directed at bacterial mRNAs

Select the tree primary mechanisms by which antiviral medications work.

2. preventing entry of the virus into the host cell 4. blocking transcription and translation of viral proteins 5. preventing the maturation of viral particles

Select all fo the correct statements regarding the types of tests performed on microbial isolates versus those performed on patients themselves in the process of microbial identification.

B. Disease diagnosis begins with patient analysis for signs of microbial infection (i.e., fever, wound exudate, mucus production, abnormal lesion). D. Phage testing is a type of testing method that can be performed on the patient to aid in the process of microbial identification. E. Biochemical testing is a type of culture test that can be performed on microbial isolates obtained from the patient.

Which of the following are correctly matched?

Bactericidal—kills bacteria Bacteriostatic—inhibits the growth of bacteria

An antimicrobial drug that is effective against a very diverse array of bacteria is described as ___________ spectrum.

Broad

Microbial control methods that kill ______ are able to sterilize.

Endospores

Select the microorganism that is LEAST resistant to chemical and physical control measures.

Enveloped Viruses

Antiprotozal and anthelminthic drugs are often less toxic to human tissues because of the high degree of similarity between human cells and various pathogenic protozoa and helminths. True or False?

False

The polymerase chain reactions can be employed on bacterial samples for pathogen diagnosis. True or False?

False

From the list below, choose the two most resistant microbial forms.

Prions Endospores

Choose the phrase that best describes how most enzymatic reactions are observed in the biochemical testing of microbial specimens.

Usually visualized by a color change