check your understanding wk 7
Therapies for type I diabetes mellitus include (select all that apply) -insulin therapies -analgesia -daily exercise -NSAIDS -carbohydrate counting -hormonal medications
- insulin therapies -daily exercise -carbohydrate counting
A patient reporting vision changes, photophobia, and lid lag may be exhibiting signs of
Graves disease.
Gastroesophageal varices will be present with history of which of the following? (select all that apply) - smoking -hematemesis -gastric bypass surgery -alcoholism -chemotherapy -anemia
HAA - hematemesis -alcoholism -anemia
Which symptom suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?
Heartburn
More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with
alcoholism.
Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation.
angiotensin II
acute lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of
appendicitis
Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is
autoimmune hepatitis.
A patient who should be routinely evaluated for peptic ulcer disease is one who is
being treated with high-dose oral glucocorticoids.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results from
blocked cortisol production.
Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to
blood or semen
ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with
bloody diarrhea
An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to
dehydration
chronic pancreatitis may lead to
diabetes mellitus
What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?
elevated ferritin
Fecal leukocyte screening would be indicated in a patient with suspected
enterocolitis.
Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells.
fat
A silent abdomen 3 hours after bowel surgery most likely indicates
functional bowel obstruction.
Dumping syndrome is commonly seen after __________ procedures.
gastric bypass
Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to ________ of the gallbladder wall.
gangrene
What indicator is most helpful in evaluating long-term blood glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)
insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in
increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.
The finding of hypotension, rigid abdomen, and absent bowel sounds in a patient with pancreatitis
indicates peritonitis with substantial risk for sepsis and shock.
Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it
inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
For the individual with type 2 diabetes, the immediate problems brought about by hyperglycemia can lead to which of the following? (Select all that apply.) -Ketoacidosis Insulin resistance -Suppressed lipogenesis -Polydipsia and polyuria -Further diminished insulin secretion
-Further diminished insulin secretion -Insulin resistance -Polydipsia and polyuria
The strong risk factors for colon cancer include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
AHCH Aging Hereditary Crohn disease High-fat diet
Appendicitis presents with which of the following clinical manifestations? (Select all that apply) -acute RLQ pain -intestinal perforation -rebound tenderness- leukocytosis -systemic signs of inflammation
ARS - acute RLQ pain -rebound tenderness -systemic signs of inflammation
Heartburn is most likely the consequence of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) -The backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus -Stimulation of the esophageal sensory nerve endings -A defect in the diaphragm -An esophageal spasm Portal hypertension
ATS -An esophageal spasm -The backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus -Stimulation of the esophageal sensory nerve endings
A biliary cause of acute pancreatitis is suggested by an elevation in which serum laboratory results?
Alkaline phosphatase
Chronic cholecystitis can lead to which complications (select all that apply) -biliary sepsis -gangrene -calcified gallbladder -peritonitis -porcelain gallbladder
BCP - biliary sepsis -calcified gallbladder -porcelain gallbladder
Chronic cholecystitis can lead to (Select all that apply.) -biliary sepsis -calcified gallbladder. -porcelain gallbladder. -cirrhosis. -diabetes mellitus.
BCP -biliary sepsis. -calcified gallbladder. -porcelain gallbladder.
What finding should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?
Blood and mucus in the stools
An early indicator of colon cancer is
Change in bowel habits
A patient with chronic gastritis would likely be tested for
Helicobacter pylori.
Type II DM is due to which of the following? (Select all that apply) - T-cell dysfunction - insulin resistance -b-cell dysfunction -pancreatic b-cell destruction -decrease in myoinositol transport
IB - insulin resistance -b-cell dysfunction
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with
Increased blood ammonia levels
Which of the following are associated with pancreatitis? (select all that apply) -elevated serum magnesium levels -elevated serum lipase levels -elevated serum amylase levels -elevated serum calcium levels
LA - elevated serum lipase levels -elevated serum amylase levels
What effect would adrenocortical insufficiency have on an individual's response to surgical stress?
More prone to hypotension
Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?
No change in serum glucocorticoid level
Microvascular complications of DM include (select all that apply) -retinopathy -enteropathy -myopathy -nephropathy -cardiopathy
RN - retinopathy -nephropathy
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease share several similarities. Specific distinctions or differences that are unique to Crohn disease include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) -Smoking's increasing the risk -Pain that is severe and localizedIncreased risk for colorectal cancer -Primary affecting of the proximal portion of the colon -Increased risk of developing intestinal cancer
SPP -Smoking's increasing the risk -Primary affecting of the proximal portion of the colon -Pain that is severe and localized
Individuals with diabetes mellitus are particularly susceptible to infections of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)Skin Vagina Esophagus Urinary tract Respiratory passages
SVU Skin Vagina Urinary tract
________ disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver.
Wilson
An urgent surgical consult is indicated for the patient with acute abdominal pain and
absent bowel sounds.
A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.
acute
The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is
adhensions
Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of
alcohol-induced injury.
What finding would rule out a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea?
bloody stool
An infusion of mannitol would be prescribed to treat
cerebral edema
The definitive treatment for cholecystitis is
cholecystectomy.
Most gallstones are composed of
cholesterol.
Proton pump inhibitors may be used in the management of peptic ulcer disease to
decrease hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion.
Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from
decreased myoinositol transport
Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of
gastric ulcer
A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with hematemesis and profound anemia. The expected diagnosis is
gastroesophageal varices.
The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called
glycogenolysis.
A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as
goiter.
The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.
hemolysis
An increased urine bilirubin is associated with
hepatitis.
A patient with pancreatitis may experience muscle cramps secondary to
hypocalcemia.
A clinical finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency is
hypoglycemia.
A laboratory finding that would help confirm the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism is
hypokalemia.
A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is
hyponatremia.
A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of
hypoparathyroidism.
Surgical removal of a gland may result in
hyposecretion.
Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with
hypothyroidism
The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is
insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
The formation of active vitamin D
is impaired in renal failure
It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones
is inhibited by iodine deficiency.
Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called
kernicterus
The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dL for adults with diabetes.
less than 180
Jaundice is a common manifestation of
liver disease
It is true that gallstones are
more common in women.
Rupture of esophageal varices is a complication of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and carries a high ________ rate.
mortality
Premature infants are at greater risk for developing
necrotizing enterocolitis.
radioactive iodine treatment is the therapy of choice in patients with graves disease. the patient should be expected to
need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with
nonketotic hyperosmolality.
Growth hormone-deficient infants would display
normal birth length and weight
________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
obesity
A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of
octreotide acetate.
Calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells and increases bone formation by
osteoblasts.
The most challenging aspect of treatment for chronic pancreatitis is
pain control.
Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of
pancreatitis.
a tumor which results in excessive production and releases of catecholamines is
pheochromocytoma
esophageal varices represent a complication of ____ hypertension
portal
Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to
portal hypotension
Barrett esophagus is a
preneoplastic lesion.
A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is
regular.
Patients with acute pancreatitis are generally made NPO and may require continuous gastric suctioning in order to
remove the usual stimuli for pancreatic secretion.
In type I diabetes, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of
respiratory alkalosis.
Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism
result from decreased serum ionized calcium.
It is true that growth hormone excess in adults
results in the condition of acromegaly.
Diabetes mellitus is the ________ leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the United States.
seventh
Narcotic administration should be administered carefully in patients with acute pancreatitis related to potential for
sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
The pain associated with chronic pancreatitis is generally described as ____ in nature
steady and boring
It is true that biliary cancer
tend to be asymptomatic and progress insidiously
Clinical manifestations of Graves disease may include
tremor
A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is
tremors
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases
water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney
Normal bile is composed of
water, electrolytes, and organic solutes.