Chem 103 cha 2

The Air Quality Index (AQI) describes the quality of air with a scale ranging from 1 to _____. The number _____ represents the national standard for the pollutant(s) being measured.

500 100

Which of the following options correctly describe air pollutants?

Particulate matter is an example of an air pollutant. Some air pollutants are hazardous at levels well below 1 ppm.

Which act focused on preventing the formation of hazardous substances rather than simply limiting the spread of them?

Pollution Prevention Act of 1990

hexa-

6

mono-

1

di-

2

The correct formula for the compound dichlorine pentoxide is Cl____ O____

2 5

penta-

5

Which of the following options correctly describe the troposphere?

An inversion layer in the troposphere occurs when cooler air is trapped below warm air. 75% of our air is found within the troposphere. The troposphere is the region of the atmosphere in which humans live.

may be produced by a wildfire

Carbon monoxide

Pollution Prevention Act

Focused on prevention of formation of hazardous substances

pure substance

Form of matter with a definite composition

Which of the following options correctly describe gases?

Gas molecules are in constant random motion. Gas molecules are extremely small. Gases are mostly empty space.

What accounts for the fact that Los Angeles has more days of poor air quality than New York City despite having half its population.

Los Angeles has a geography that traps the air.

characteristic brown color; emitted from car engines

Nitrogen dioxide

Which of the following options correctly describe N2 (nitrogen gas)?

Nitrogen is the most abundant substance in air. Nitrogen is colorless and odorless.

Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics and role of oxygen?

Oxygen atoms are the most abundant atoms by mass in the human body. O2 is absorbed into our blood via the lungs. O2 is a necessary reactant in burning and rusting.

classified by size rather than composition

Particulate matter

includes dust and pollen

Particulate matter

mixture

Physical combination of two or more species

Which of the following factors affect the level of exposure to a toxic substance?

Rate of breathing Length of time exposed to pollutant Concentration of the pollutant in the air

Air is unhealthy for everyone to breathe.

Red, purple, or maroon

What is ambient air?

The air surrounding us, usually outside air

A weather station reports the ambient air temperature. What does this refer to?

The temperature of the air at the lowest level of the troposphere

Which of the following options correctly describes toxicity?

The toxicity of a substance may differ for different groups of people. Toxicity describes the intrinsic health hazard of a substance.

What term is used to describe the intrinsic health hazard of a substance?

Toxicity

NH3

ammonia

Equal volumes of molecular gases (such as N2 or O2) at a given temperature and pressure will always ______

contain equal numbers of molecules

Equal volumes of molecular gases (such as N2 or O2) at a given temperature and pressure will always ______.

contain equal numbers of molecules

Greek numerical prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of a particular element present in a covalent compound. The prefix ___________indicates 10 atoms of the same element, while the prefix hexa- is used to indicate ____________ atoms of the same element.

deca- 6

Risk assessment involves _____.

evaluating scientific data and making predictions about an outcome

The risks presented by pollutants are a function of toxicity and ____________, the amount of a substance encountered.

exposure

Gas molecules are in constant random motion and are extremely _____ under normal atmospheric conditions. If the gas molecules in a sample of air were condensed, their actual volume would be very _____.

far apart; small

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical ____________ that expresses both the identities and the relative _____________ of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change.

formulas quantities

Percent means parts per _____.

hundred

Which of the following is a natural source of both ozone and nitrogen oxides?

lightning

CH4

methane

For low concentrations, it is more convenient to use units of parts per _____________ (ppm), instead of percent. This unit is of a concentration 10,000 times smaller than 1%.

million

O3

ozone

When naming a compound composed of two nonmetals, the number of atoms of each element is indicated by a Greek numerical__________

prefix

Combustion is an example of a type of chemical _________, where reactants are transformed into products.

reaction

During a chemical reaction, the number of different substances may or may not change, but the total mass of matter present _____.

remains unchanged

In the process of ______, the foods that we eat are metabolized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

respiration

The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome is called _____________ assessment.

risk

H2O

water

The common name for the compound H2O is ___________, while the compound NH3 is commonly known as ____________.

water ammonia

Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of atoms or molecules, as long as the samples are at the same...

temperature and pressure

Air quality is good to moderate.

Green or yellow

Particulate matter with the designation PM10 includes particles with an average diameter of 10 _____ or less.

mu-meters

Which of the following are common units of concentration used when reporting the level of common air pollutant?

μg/m3 ppb ppm

hepta-

7

What is the term used to define the lower region of the atmosphere in which we live, which lies directly above the surface of the Earth?

Troposphere

Which of the following species are the two products of respiration?

Water Carbon dioxide

Which of the following options correctly describe the factors that affect air quality?

Weather patterns have an affect on air quality. The number of people living in a region affects air quality.

The composition of air by volume is about 21% oxygen. For every 100 molecules, how many molecules are not oxygen?

79

Which of the following statements correctly describe different forms of matter?

Both mixtures and pure substances are forms of matter. Mixtures can consist of any four phases of matter.

colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the "silent killer"

Carbon monoxide

Which of the following are considered air pollutants?

Carbon monoxide Ozone Particulate matter Nitrogen dioxide

Which of the following options correctly describe particulate matter?

Dust is an example of particulate matter. Some particulate matter can pass into the bloodstream and cause heart disease. Particulate matter can originate from fires, car engines, or coal-burning plants.

produced during lightning strikes

Nitrogen dioxide and Ozone

Air has become unhealthy for some groups.

Orange

sharp odor; a pollutant in the immediate atmosphere but essential at high altitudes

Ozone

sharp, unpleasant odor; produced by burning coal

Sulfur dioxide

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name a compound containing two nonmetals?

The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate. The second element is named with its root and the suffix -ide. A Greek numerical prefix is always used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound

What products may be formed when a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion?

heat CO CO2

A chemical reaction is process whereby substances called _____________ are transformed into different substances called _____________

reactants products

Combustion is correctly described as _____.

the process in which a substance burns in oxygen

Place the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the correct order, starting with the layer that is closest to Earth at the top of the list.

troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere exosphere

Which of the following options correctly describe common air pollutants?

Nitrogen dioxide can combine with moisture in the atmosphere to produce acid rain. SO2 may be produced when coal is burned. Carbon monoxide may be produced by charcoal grills or propane camping stoves.

released by volcanoes

Sulfur dioxide

U.S. Clean Air Act

`Established air quality standards; focused on limiting exposure to hazardous substances

It can be estimated that the average smoker breathes out 810,000 μg of carbon monoxide (CO) per hour into the surrounding air. In a restaurant with a total volume of 258 m3 that allows smoking, is the air inhaled by any other restaurant patron over a period of 1 hour toxic according to the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality standards, if there are 10 people in the room smoking over this time period? (The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality standard for CO toxicity over 1 hour is equal to 40,000 μg/m3.)

The concentration of CO in the air during this period is approximately 31,000 μg/m3. No, the concentration of CO is below the 1-hour average.