CHEM 108 Food & Nutrition

Lipid-soluble vitamins

E, D, K, A

Excessive consumption of vitamin D

heart and kidney damage

A dipeptide is formed from two amino acids that are linked through a ___ bond, which is an example of an amide functional group.

peptide

A polyamide or polypeptide; that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers.

protein

Mineral calcium

required for the transmission of nerve impulses. major constituent of bones and teeth. required for blood clotting.

Once incorporated into the peptide chain, the amino acids are known as amino acid ___

residues

The identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the ___ of the amino acids in the peptide chain

sequence

Micronutrients

substances that are essential to life. are substances that are required in miniscule amounts. Vitamins. Minerals.

Type of amino aid side chain to the principal types of interactions it exhibits both with other amino acids and with its surrounding environment

Side chains with -OH groups=hydrogen bonding Acidic and basic side chains=ionic attractions Nonpolar side chains=london dispersion forces

Which of the following options correctly describe the effects of excess aspartame on individuals with phenylketonuria?

The accumulation of pyruvic acid may lead to severa mental retardation. Excess phenylalanine is converted into pyruvic acid.

Which of the following options correctly describe how amino acids link together to make peptides?

Three amino acids may combine to produce a variety of different peptides. A dipeptide with the amino acid sequence glycine-alanine is different from an dipeptide with the sequence alanine-glycine. The order of amino acids in a peptide has important consequences for its behavior.

The artificial sweetener composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine is called?

aspartame

Compounds that work in conjunction with enzymes to enhance their activity

coenzymes

A dipeptide:

contains a peptide bond is formed when two amino acids combine

Vitamins

essential for preventing disease. organic compounds with a wide range of physiological functions. essential for proper metabolic functioning

Vitamin C deficiency

Scurvy

Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin using the energy of sunlight?

D

Which of the following options correctly describe essential amino acids?

Essential amino acids are naturally occurring compounds. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body. These amino acids are required for protein synthesis.

Types of minerals

Macrominerals=Ca, P, Cl, K, S, Na, Mg Microminerals=Fe, Cu, Zn Trace minerals=I, F, Se, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Mo, B, Si, Sn

Tryptophan deficiency

Pellagra, a condition characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

Which of the following options correctly describe protein complementarity?

Protein complementarity is a process that involves combining foods that complement essential amino acid content. The total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids for protein synthesis.

Polar amino acid

R=-CH2OH R=-CH2OH R=-(CH2)2COOH

Nonpolar amino acid

R=-CH3 R=-CH2

Excessive consumption of Vitamin A

blurred vision and liver damage

Minerals are ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. The metals exist in the body as ___ and nonmetals typically are present as ___

cations; anions

Which of the following are essential amino acids?

leucine, lysine, isoleucine, histidine

Minerals may be classified according to how much of them you need in your diet. Minerals are classified as either ___, micro, or ___.

macro;trace

Functions of proteins in the human body

many hormones are proteins. proteins are a major component of muscle. proteins are the main component of hair.

Ions or compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions are called?

minerals

Organic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. They are essential for good health, proper metabolic functioning, and preventing disease.

vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins

vitamins A, D, E, K

Water soluble vitamins

vitamins B, C

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

vitamins that contain almost exclusively C and H atoms in the molecular structure

Water-Soluble Vitamins

vitamins that contain several OH groups in the molecular structure

Which of the following options correctly describe the levels and the roles of the minerals K+ and Na+ in the body?

within a cell the concentration of K+ is greater than that of Na+. K+ and Na+ are important for the rhythmic beating of the heart. K+ and Na+ have similar chemical properties and physiological functions.