Chem 221 atmos

A solar flare can produce a display of light called an aurora. Place the steps involved in this process in the correct order, starting with the first step at the top of the list.

-A solar flare causes protons and electrons to be emitted into space. -Atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere are ionized and become electronically excited. -Excited molecules and atoms return to the ground state, emitting visible light.

Which of the following options correctly describe the origin of the glow caused by space shuttles? Select all that apply.

-The glow is caused by the emission of light as excited NO2* returns to its ground state. -The most likely source of the glow is the reaction of NO (g) with oxygen atoms.

The bond enthalpy of N2 is 941.4 kJ/mol. What is the maximum wavelength (in nm) of a photon that can cause the dissociation of the N2 molecule?

127.2nm

Acid rain can cause damage to buildings and statues containing marble. Which of the following equations correctly reflect the reactions involved in this process? Select all that apply.

2CaCO3 (s) + 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2CaSO4 (s) + 2CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CaSO4 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Which of the following processes increase the O2 present in the atmosphere? Select all that apply.

2H2O (g) −→UV→UV 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2O3 (g) → 3O2 (g)

The following reactants combine after a volcanic eruption. Match each combination of reactants to the correct products formed. Instructions 2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) 2H2S (g) + SO2 (g) → 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) →

2SO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) 3S (s) + 2H2O (g) 2SO3 (g)

A 5.8-g sample pf Rn-222 decays, leaving 0.36 g. How many half-lives did the original sample undergo? The half-life of Rn-222 is 3.8 days.

4 Reason: Use the following equation: quantity of Rn-222 left = 5.8 g × (1/2)number of half lives. Substituting all given values: 0.36 g = 5.8 g × (1/2)x. Where x is calculated by simplifying and taking the logarithm of each side: log(0.365.80.365.8) = (x) × log(1/2), and x = 4 half-lives.

Sulfuric gases are released by volcanic activity, leading to sulfuric acid aerosols which ______ solar radiation and therefore (raise/lower) ______ the temperature at the Earth's surface.

absorb; lower

A dispersion of tiny droplets in the air, often containing particulate matter, is called a(n) . These droplets scatter sunlight and reduce visibility

aerosol

Which of the following compounds are CFCs? Select all that apply.

A C

What is an aurora?

A display of light in the sky caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere

Which of the following are proposed ways to slow the depletion of the ozone layer?

A large scale release of manufactured ozone in the stratosphere by airplane has been suggested. A fleet of planes carrying ethane or propane to spray high over the South Pole has been suggested.

Which of the following processes occur when ozone interacts with UV light? Select all that apply.

Absorption of UV radiation causes O3 to decompose, forming O2 and oxygen atoms. O3 absorbs UV radiation with wavelengths between 200 and 300 nm.

Which of the following options correctly identify the various applications of CFCs? Select all that apply.

Aerosol propellants Coolants in refrigerators Manufacture of foam products

Which of the following are proposed methods for lowering carbon dioxide emissions?

Develop non-fossil fuel energy sources. Improve energy efficiency in automobiles. Improve energy efficiency in household heating.

Match each set of dissolved substances correctly with the effect they have on rainwater

Dissolved CO2 matches Choice, causes rain to have a pH of around 5.5. causes rain to have a pH of around 5.5. Dissolved SO2 and NOx matches Choice, causes rain to have a pH much lower than 5.5. causes rain to have a pH much lower than 5.5. Rain with a pH of around 4.3 matches Choice, is acid rain. is acid rain. Rain with a pH of 5.5 matches Choice, is normal rain. is normal rain.

One source of O2 (g) in the atmosphere is the photodecomposition of water vapor. How does this process occur?

Exposure to UV light causes H2O to decompose.

True or false: Auroral displays occur mostly at the North and South Poles because of the wavelength of the incoming solar flares.

False Reason: The incoming streams of electrons become oriented by the Earth's magnetic field toward the North and South Poles, and therefore are most prominent in those regions.

Which of the following statements correctly describe formaldehyde as an indoor pollutant? Select all that apply.

Formaldehyde is a reducing agent. Urea-formaldehyde insulation foams decompose to form free formaldehyde. Oxidizing agents can be used to remove formaldehyde in air.

How is photochemical smog formed?

Gases emitted from motor vehicle exhausts react in the presence of sunlight to form pollutants.

How does Earth's atmosphere produce the greenhouse effect?

Gases in the atmosphere trap heat near the Earth's surface.

Which of the following are potential outcomes of a temperature increase of a few degrees on Earth?

Glaciers could melt with rising temperatures. Polar ice caps could melt with a rising temperature.

Atmospheric gases trap heat near the Earth's surface, leading to the BLANK effect.

Greenhouse

Which of the following gases are typically emitted into the atmosphere in a volcanic eruption? Select all that apply.

H2S CO2 HF Reason: SO2 is not emitted directly in a volcanic eruption, but is produced by the reaction of H2S with atmospheric O2.

Which of the following combination of reactants will react to form elemental sulfur after a volcanic eruption?

H2S (g) + SO2 (g)

Why are hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) considered less harmful to the ozone layer than CFCs?

HCFCs are oxidized in the lower atmosphere and never reach the stratosphere.

Which of the following are correct regarding hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)?

HCFCs are oxidized in the lower atmosphere due to the presence of the hydrogen atom. HCFCs are more bioloically active than CFCs due to the presence of the hydrogen atom. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are a safer alternative to chlorofluorocarbons.

Quicklime, which has the formula , can be added to lakes and soils to reduce their acidity. This process is called

Blank 1: CaO Blank 2: liming

The BLANK protocol set targets for cutbacks in CFC production and the complete elimination of these substances by the year 2000.

Blank 1: Montreal

In order to absorb IR radiation, a molecule must undergo a change in its moment as its bond lengths change. All diatomic molecules are IR-active.

Blank 1: dipole Blank 2: heteronuclear or polar

A violent eruption on the surface of the sun is called a solar BLANK . These eruptions cause electrons and BLANK to be emitted into space. Collision of these charged particles with molecules and atoms in the upper atmosphere produce a display of light called an aurora.

Blank 1: flare Blank 2: protons

Cold air streams that circle Antarctica in winter lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), which act as a(n) BLANK catalyst, providing a surface for reactions converting HCl emitted from Earth into Cl2. Spring sunlight catalyzes the decomposition of Cl2 to form chlorine BLANK , which in turn react with ozone. Listen to the complete question

Blank 1: heterogeneous Blank 2: radicals or atoms

Almost all the SO2 (g) in the troposphere is oxidized to BLANK in the form of aerosol, contributing to BLANK rain

Blank 1: sulfuric acid, H2SO4, SO3, or sulfur trioxide Blank 2: acid

Which of the following statements correctly describe the nitrogen cycle? Select all that apply.

Nitrogen enters groundwater as soluble nitrates. Nitric acid is formed when NO2 dissolves in water. Lightning converts N2 and O2 to NO (g) in the atmosphere.

Which of the following correctly represent the formation of secondary pollutants in Earth's atmosphere? Select all that apply.

O (g) + O2 (g) + M → O3 (g) + M 2NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO2 (g)

Which of the following equations correctly represent the chemical processes that result in an aurora? Select all that apply.

O* → O + hν N+2 * (g) → N+2 (g) + hν

How does the ozone layer in the stratosphere protect the Earth from harmful UV radiation?

O3 absorbs UV radiation of certain wavelengths, preventing this radiation from reaching the Earth.

The process by which SO2 is oxidized to form H2SO4 is believed to involve several reactions. Match each set of reactants to the correct products

OH + SO2 → HOSO2 HOSO2 + O2 →HO2 + SO3 SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

Why is the global oxygen cycle so complex?

Oxygen is present in a wide variety of different chemical forms.

Which of the following are sources of the secondary pollutant ozone (O3)? Select all that apply.

Photochemical decomposition of NO2 Photochemical reactions of unburned hydrocarbons Reaction of nitrogen oxides and oxygen

Which of the following processes provide a source of O2 (g) in Earth's atmosphere? Select all that apply.

Photosynthesis Photodecomposition of H2O (g)

Which of the following statements correctly describe the properties of radon? Select all that apply.

Presence of radon is a main cause of background radiation. All isotopes of radon are radioactive. Radon-222 is the most hazardous isotope of radon.

Which of the following is not a property of radon?

Radon-222 is the most hazardous isotope of radon due to its short half-life.

Which of the following options correctly describe how ozone is formed in the stratosphere? Select all that apply.

Reactive oxygen atoms combine with O2 molecules to form ozone. The first step in the process involves the decomposition of O2 molecules (photodissociation) when they absorb UV radiation.

The half-life is radon-222 is 3.8 days. Calculate the concentration of radon-222 remaining after 19 days if the initial concentration of radon-222 found in a basement was 3.8 x 10-5 mol/L. Assume the air is static.

Reason: Number of half-lives = 19days19days3.8days = 5 Concentration of radon-222 remaining = 3.8 x 10-5 x 125125 = 1.2 x 10-6 mol/L

Which of the following processes release CO2 into the atmosphere? Select all that apply.

Respiration Decomposition Combustion

Which of the following industrial methods are used to minimize pollution from SO2? Select all that apply.

SO2 produced by roasting of metal ores can be captured and used for the synthesis of sulfuric acid. Limestone can be added to the power plant boiler or furnace along with the coal. Sulfur can be removed from fossil fuels before combustion.

Which of the following processes release SO2 into the atmosphere? Select all that apply.

Smelting or roasting of metal ores Burning coal

Gases emitted by motor vehicles can react in the presence of sunlight to produce a visible haze in the sky, which is called photochemical BLANK

Smog

Which of the following are correct regarding incoming solar radiant energy and outgoing thermal energy?

Solar radiant energy received by Earth is distributed over a band of wavelengths between 100 and 5000 nm. Most of the incoming solar energy is concentrated in the 400 to 700 nm range.

Why is radon potentially harmful in our environment?

Solid radioactive particles emitted by radioactive decay of radon-222 cause lung damage when they are inhaled.

Which of the following are correct regarding sulfuric acid aerosols produced by emitted volcanic gases?

Sulfuric acid aerosol clouds can persist for more than a year in the stratosphere. SO2 is oxidized to SO3 in the stratosphere, which is eventually converted to sulfuric acid aerosols.

Which of the following options correctly describe the effect of IR radiation on a molecule?

The bonds of the molecule vibrate in various ways.

Why are auroral displays centered on the North and South Poles?

The charged particles that initiate auroras are oriented by Earth's magnetic field.

The bond enthalpy of a molecule is 207 kJ/mol. Which of the following statements are true regarding the maximum wavelength of a photon that can cause the dissociation of this molecule?

The color of the visible light associated with the photon is yellow. The maximum wavelength of the photon is 579 nm. Reason: (207)(1000)/(6.022*10^23)/(6.63*10^-34)= 5.1846E14 (3.00E8)/(5.1846E14)= (5.786E-7 m) (1*10^-9nm)=578.6 579nm

Which of the following statements about greenhouse gases is correct?

The current rate of increase in CO2 levels is more than 1 ppm per year.

Which of the following options correctly describe the function of catalytic converters in car exhaust systems? Select all that apply.

Catalytic converters reduce NO and NO2 to N2 and O2. Catalytic converters oxidize CO and unburned hydrocarbons to CO2 and H2O.

Which of the following shows the correct reaction for scavenging of ozone-depleting chlorine radicals by addition of ethane to the atmosphere?

Cl + C2H6 → HCl + C2H5

Normal rainwater has a pH of around 5.5 due to the presence of dissolved _____.

Co2

Which of the following is not an effect of formaldehyde poisoning from the air?

Coma

Correctly order the processes that contribute to the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole, starting with the first step at the top of the list.

Correct Answer Air trapped in the polar vortex becomes very cold in winter. Ice particles called polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are formed. The PSCs catalyze the reaction HCl + ClONO2 → Cl2 + HNO3. In spring, sunlight catalyzes the decomposition of Cl2 to reactive chlorine atoms. Chlorine atoms react with ozone to form ClO and O2.

Correctly order the steps of the process that lead to the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere by CFCs. Start with the first step at the top of the list.

Correct Answer CFCs diffuse slowly into the stratosphere. CFCs absorb UV radiation and decompose to form reactive chlorine atoms. Chlorine atoms react with O3, forming a reactive ClO specie and an O2 molecule. Highly reactive ClO species react with oxygen atoms to form more reactive Cl atoms and O2 gas.

Why are NO and CO called primary pollutants?

These compounds react in the atmosphere to produce other pollutants.

Which of the following are adverse effects of acid rain? Select all that apply.

Toxic effects on aquatic life Destruction of forests Structural damage to buildings and statues

Which of the following are harmful effects of UV radiation? Select all that apply.

UV radiation can destroy crops and other vegetation. UV radiation can cause genetic mutations. UV radiation can induce skin cancer.

Which of the following is NOT a harmful effect of UV radiation?

UV radiation reduces ozone in the stratosphere.

Catalytic converters in cars can help reduce the buildup of primary pollutants. Which of the following is an accurate outcome resulting from their use?

Unburned hydrocarbons are converted to water and CO2.

Which of the following is not a method mentioned to control carbon dioxide emissions?

converting forests for farmland

The glow surrounding the space shuttle orbiting Earth is most likely caused by the interaction of oxygen atoms with nitric oxide to create which of the following?

excited nitrogen dioxide, NO2*

Which of the following are indoor sources of CO and CO2 gas?

gas cooking ranges human respiration woodstoves

Which of the following are major sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

industrial sources transportation electricity generation

Absorption of IR radiation causes a molecule to ______.

vibrate

Which of the following provisions formed part of the Montreal protocol, signed in 1987?

CFC production would be cut back and these compounds phased out by the year 2000.

Which of the following options correctly describe CFCs?

CFCs are chlorofluorocarbons. CFCs are relatively inert and nontoxic. CFCs are volatile

Which of the following properties of CFCs makes them attractive for use as refrigerants?

CFCs are readily liquefied and relatively inert.

How do CFCs cause damage to the ozone layer in the stratosphere?

CFCs decompose to form chlorine radicals, which react with O3.

Match each species to the correct description of its ability to absorb IR radiation

CH4 matches Choice, is a polyatomic greenhouse gas. is a polyatomic greenhouse gas. O2 matches Choice, is not a greenhouse gas. is not a greenhouse gas. NO matches Choice, is a diatomic greenhouse gas. is a diatomic greenhouse gas.

Which of the following substances are released into the atmosphere from car exhaust systems? Select all that apply.

CO NO hydrocarbon fragments

Match each oxide of carbon to the correct description of its behavior as a pollutant

CO matches Choice, is colorless, odorless, and highly toxic to humans. is colorless, odorless, and highly toxic to humans. CO2 matches Choice, is not toxic, but is asphyxiating and prolonged exposure causes fatigue. is not toxic, but is asphyxiating and prolonged exposure causes fatigue. Hemoglobin binds very strongly to matches Choice, CO. CO. Hemoglobin binds less strongly to matches Choice, CO2. CO2.

Normal rainwater has a pH of around 5.5 due to the presence of dissolved _____.

CO2

Which of the following are common indoor pollutants? Select all that apply.

CO2 CO formaldehyde Rn

Which of the following statements correctly describe CO2 and CO as indoor pollutants? Select all that apply.

CO2 and CO are both produced during an incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. CO binds very strongly to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than for O2.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the carbon cycle? Select all that apply.

Carbon is primarily cycled between the land and the oceans through gaseous CO2 in the atmosphere. CO2 is generated by the combustion of flammable compounds. There is a dynamic equilibrium between atmospheric CO2 and carbonates in oceans and lakes.

The second step in the formation of ozone in the upper atmosphere is represented by the equation O + O2 + M → O3 + M. What type of substance is M, and what role does it play in this reaction? Select all that apply.

M absorbs some of the excess energy released by the reaction. M helps to prevent the decomposition of the product O3. M is an inert substance such as N2.

Some types of volcanic eruptions are generated by molten rock, called BLANK , which rises to the surface of the Earth's crust and forces its way out.

Magma

Which of the following are correct regarding magma?

Magma originates from the upper mantle. Magma rises to the surface from beneath the crust. Magma is a type of molten rock.

Which of the following options correctly describe the process of nitrogen fixation? Select all that apply.

Molecular N2 is converted to nitrates, which can be absorbed by plants. In the atmosphere, energy from lightning strikes promotes the reaction between N2 and O2.

What structural features are required for a molecule to be IR-active? Select all that apply.

Molecules containing three or more atoms are IR-active. The molecule must undergo a change in dipole moment as it vibrates.

Which of the following is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere?

N2

Which of the following gases are typical components of Earth's atmosphere, excluding pollutants? Select all that apply.

N2 O2

Which of the following molecules will be IR-active? Select all that apply.

N2O CO2 H2O

How is atmospheric nitrogen monoxide (NO) formed?

NO is formed by the reaction of N2 and O2 in automobile engines.

Which of the following atmospheric gases result in acid rain? Select all that apply.

NO2 NO SO2

Which of the following is not a common indoor pollutant?

Nitrogen

Which of the following is not a typical gas emitted by volcanoes?

nitrogen dioxide NO2

Which of the following products of radon-222 decay cause dangerous effects when found in high levels?

polonium-218 polonium-214 decay products of polonium-214 and polonium-218