chem cht.11; food and nutrition

During the process of hydrogenation, some of the _____ double bonds in fat molecules are converted to the ______ configuration.

cis, trans

Monounsaturated fatty acids contain _____ double bond(s) in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas _____ fatty acids contain two or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.

one; polyunsaturated

A _____ is a polyamide or polypeptide; that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers.

protein

Match each type of bonding arrangement with its correct description.

1. cis isomer: H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the same side of the C=C bond2. trans isomer: H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the opposite sides of the C=C bond

Which of the following options correctly describe the formation of a disaccharide? Select all that apply.

- A C-O-C linkage is created when the two monosaccharides are joined together. - The formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharide units is a condensation reaction.

Which of the following options correctly describe the two important structural features of fatty acids?

- A hydrocarbon chain that is typically made of 12-24 carbon atoms - A carboxylic acid group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain

Which of the following options correctly describe monosaccharides? Select all that apply.

- A monosaccharide ring contains an oxygen atom. - Monosaccharides are single sugars.

Which of the following amino acid side chains are polar? (Select all that apply. R indicates the amino acid side chain.)

- B - C - E

Which of the following options correctly describe carbohydrates? Select all that apply.

- Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of rings of carbon atoms and an oxygen atom. - Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Which of the following options correctly describe macronutrients? Select all that apply.

- Carbohydrates are macronutrients. - Macronutrients supply all of the energy and most of the raw material for body repair and synthesis.

Which of the following techniques result in processed foods? (Select all that apply.)

- Cooking - Adding preservatives - Freezing - Adding thickeners - Canning

Which of the following are processed foods? Select all that apply.

- Frozen French fries - Apple sauce - Smoked bacon

Triglycerides are formed in a chemical reaction between which two species?

- Glycerol - Three fatty acids

Which of the following functional groups and structural characteristics are found in all amino acids? Select all that apply.

- Hydrogen atom - A side chain designated as R - Amine - Carboxylic acid

Which of the following options correctly describe the relationship between the degree of unsaturation of an oil and its shelf life? Select all that apply.

- Increasing the degree of saturation of an oil improves its shelf life. - C=C bonds are more susceptible to reaction with oxygen in the air than are C-C single bonds.

Which of the following options correctly describe insulin and glucagon? Select all that apply.

- Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on blood glucose levels. - Both are hormones that control glucose production and storage in the body.

Which of the following options correctly describe the process of interesterification? Select all that apply.

- Interesterification may be carried out using a base as a catalyst. - The use of an enzyme for interesterification may reduce the BOD of the aqueous waste streams produced when using other catalysts

Which of the following are essential amino acids?

- Isoleucine - Leucine - Lysine - Histidine

Which statements describe starch? (Select all that apply.)

- It can be digested by humans. - It has α-linkages between glucose units.

Which of the following options correctly describe the functions of proteins in the human body? Select all that apply.

- Many hormones are proteins. - Proteins are the main component of hair. - Proteins are a major component of muscle.

Where is excess glucose stored in the body? (Select all that apply.)

- Muscles - liver

Food labels in many countries must list the amount of _____ fats present in foods as these fats have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease.

trans

The two fatty acids shown in the diagram are both _____ isomers.

trans

Glycerol reacts with three molecules of fatty acids to produce _____.

triglycerides

Molecules that are made from the reaction of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule always contain three ester functional groups. These molecules are known as _____.

triglycerides

Trans fats are _____ that are made from the reaction of three trans fatty acids and a molecule of glycerol.

triglycerides

True or false: It is possible to be overweight and malnourished.

true

Which of the following options correctly describe the structures of starch and cellulose? Select all that apply.

- The structures of cellulose and starch differ in the orientations of the α (starch) and β (cellulose) linkages of the glucose units. - Starch and cellulose are both constructed from glucose units.

Which of the following options correctly describe the structural make-up of triglycerides? (Select all that apply.)

- The three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may all be different. - The three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated.

What issues are associated with the base-catalyzed method for interesterification of fatty acids? Select all that apply.

- The waste produced has a high biological oxygen demand. - This method uses large quantities of water. - Strongly basic solutions present problems for worker safety.

Which statements describe a fat? (Select all that apply.)

- They are solid at room temperature. - They are mostly derived from animal sources.

Which of the following options correctly describe the properties of cis and trans fatty acids? Select all that apply.

- Trans fatty acids are similar in shape to saturated fatty acids and behave in a similar manner in the body. - Trans fatty acids are solids at room temperature.

Insulin _______. (Select all that apply.)

- controls the uptake and storage of glucose in cells - is a hormone secreted by the pancreas

Polysaccharides ________. (Select all that apply.)

- include starch, cellulose, and glycogen - are made by the condensation of thousands of monosaccharide units

Glycerol ______. (Select all that apply.)

- is an alcohol - combines with fatty acids to produce triglycerides - is used in manufacturing soaps and lotions

A dipeptide is produced when the _____ group of one amino acid reacts with the _____ group of a second amino acid. The resulting bond between the two is known as a _____ bond.

-COOH; -NH2; peptide

Match each type of carbohydrate with its appropriate description. Instructions

1. Monosaccharide: a single sugar 2. Disaccharide: a double sugar

Which of the following options correctly describe the hydrogenation of C=C double bonds in fatty acids? Select all that apply.

1. One or more C=C double bonds are converted into C-C single bonds 2. Hydrogenation occurs in the presence of a metallic catalyst

Match the type of fatty acid given below with its appropriate description. Instructions`

1. Saturated: contains only single bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain 2. Monounsaturated: contains one C=C bond in the hydrocarbon chain 3. Polyunsaturated: contains two or more C=C bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Which of the following options correctly describes a disaccharide?

A disaccharide is a double sugar.

Match the structure of each monosaccharide shown in the accompanying figure with its appropriate structural designation. Instructions

A: B monosaccharide B: a monosaccharide

Consider the diagram shown. Match the structure of the monounsaturated fatty acid with the correct bonding arrangement (cis or trans). O,OH

A: cis isomer B: trans isomer

Which of the following options correctly describe oils and fats? Select all that apply.

- Oils and fats have similar chemical structures. - Many oils are of plant origin. - Most oils are liquids at room temperature

Which of the following options correctly describe proteins? Select all that apply.

- Proteins are constructed from amino acid monomers. - Proteins are polyamides. - Proteins are polymers.

Match each type of fatty acid to the correct description. Instructions

- Saturated fatty acid: contains only single bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain2. - Unsaturated fatty acid: contains at least one C=C bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

Which of the following options correctly relate the melting points of fatty acids to their molecular structure? Select all that apply.

- Saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids containing the same number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. -Increasing the number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain raises the melting point.

Which of the following options correctly describe saturated fatty acids? Select all that apply.

- Saturated fatty acids possess a CO2H group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain. - The hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

What type of linkage is created in the formation of a disaccharide?

C-O-C

Which of the following would be predicted to have the longest shelf life based on its structure?

Capric acid

Why must labeling indicate the quantity of trans fats in a particular food?

Eating trans fats has been found to increase the risk of heart disease.

Which statement best describes sucrose?

It is a disaccharide made from an α-glucose and a β-fructose unit connected by a C-O-C linkage.

Lipids include _______. Select all that apply.

Oils Triglycerides Fats Steroids

Which of the following amino acids has a nonpolar side chain?

Phe

______ are the major components of hair, skin, and muscle in the body.

Proteins

Which of the following is a green Chemistry approach to the interesterification of fatty acids?

The use of enzymes

The structure shown in the accompanying figure is a(n) _____.

amino acid

The identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the of the amino acids in the peptide chain.

sequence

Which type of unsaturated fats are likely to pack well together and thus have higher melting points?

trans fats

If a person does not consume enough calories from food to meet their metabolic needs they will suffer from _____.

undernourishment

caused by the consumption of insufficient calories to meet metabolic needs

undernourishment

Trans _____ are triglycerides that are composed of one or more trans fatty acids.

fats

Which of the following foods are rich sources of linoleic and linolenic acids? Select all that apply.

fish, plant oils, leafy vegetables

Processed foods are _____.

foods that have been altered from their natural state by various techniques

Eating diets high in protein increases ______ levels, which in turn promotes the use of stored calories.

glucagon

The compound shown here, named ______, is a component of all triglycerides.

glycerol

Fatty acids include a nonpolar _____ chain and a polar _____ group.

hydrocarbon; carboxylic acid

A process where two fatty acids on two or more triglycerides are scrambled to produce a set of new triglycerides is known as _____.

interesterification

Our bodies can synthesize almost all fatty acids from the foods we eat. The exceptions are _____ and _____ acids.

linoleic; linolenic

Triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids are classified as _______.

lipids

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are all considered to be _____, because these substances supply both the energy and most of the raw material necessary for body repair and synthesis.

macronutrients

caused by a diet lacking in proper nutrients

malnutrition

the complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life

metabolism

A single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom is called a _____.

monosaccharide

Trans fats are formed by _____ hydrogenation of natural oils.

partial

A dipeptide is formed from two amino acids that are linked through a _____ bond, which is an example of an amide functional group.

peptide

The side chains of amino acid residues in proteins are responsible for interactions between different parts of the protein and between the protein and its environment. Side chains that are _______ interact strongly with water, while ______ side chains are hydrophobic.

polar; nonpolar

Condensation polymers made up of thousands of monosaccharide units are called ______

polysaccharides

The molecule shown in the diagram below is a _____ fatty acid.

polyunsaturated

The molecule shown in the diagram below is a _____ fatty acid. O,OH

polyunsaturated

Foods that have been altered from their natural state by methods such as cooking, freezing, or the addition of chemicals are said to be _______

processed`

Which of the structures shown represent fatty acids? (Select all that apply.) CH3(CH2)14CO2H

A & C

Which of the structures shown represent fatty acids? Select all that apply. O, OH

A & D

Mammal enzymes are unable to catalyze the breaking of _____ linkages in cellulose.

β

The monosaccharide shown is the _____ form.

β

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen in a _____ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of _____ containing carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.

2:1; rings

How many amino acid residues are in a Gly-Ala-Asp polypeptide?

3

Which of the following options correctly describes how excess glucose is dealt with in the human body?

Excess glucose is polymerized to glycogen with the help of insulin and stored in our muscles and liver.

Which substance listed would have the highest melting point based on its structure?

Stearic acid

Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?

The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life

Why is grass not a viable food source for humans?

The human digestive system is unable to break down the β-linkages that characterize cellulose.

Consider the diagram shown below. Match each fatty acid to its appropriate description. Instructions

a - saturated fatty acid b - monounsaturated fatty acid c - polyunsaturated fatty acid

The molecule shown here is ______. CH3(CH2)14

a triglyceride

Which of the following foods was prepared without any processing?

banana

A _____ is a compound formed from two amino acids.

dipeptide

A _____ is formed by joining two monosaccharide units together.

disaccharide

Some "low-carb" diets promote the consumption of protein because ______.

eating protein increases glucagon levels, which in turn promotes the use of stored glucose in cells

Triglycerides always contain three _____ functional groups.

ester

Match each type of amino acid side chain to the principle types of interactions it exhibits both with other amino acids and with its surrounding environment. Instructions

side chains with OH groups - hydrogen bonding acidic and basic side chains - ionic attractions non-polar side chains - London dispersion forces

In most natural fatty acids the hydrogen atoms attached to the two carbons of the C=C double bond are on _____ side(s). This bonding arrangement is called _____.

the same; cis