Chem II - Organic Chemistry

Carboxylic Acid

1. Longest possible chain which contains carbonyl group becomes parent name. 2. Always on first carbon (groups). 3. Parent name drops "e" and add "oic acid".

Amide

1. Name the parent acid (contains C=O), replace -oic acid with "-amide".

Ester

1. Parent name derived from carbon chain containing carbonyl group. 2. Changes from "oic acid" to "oate". 3. Alkyl group which is attached to single bonded "O" proceeds parent name.

Ketone

1. Use alkane parent name except drop "e" and add "one". 2. Same rules as alcohols.

Aldehyde

1.Use alkane parent name, except drop the "e" and end in "al". 2. All other rules as in alcohol apply except by definition the carbonyl group is in position 1; therefore no position number is stated when naming.

Benzene Ring

A colorless volatile liquid hydrocarbon present in coal tar and petroleum, used in chemical synthesis. Its use as a solvent has been reduced because of its carcinogenic properties. C6H6.

Alcohol

Alcohols are named for the parent alkane; parent chain ends in "ol" ("e" dropped from "ane"). Polyalcohols. The suffixes -diol and triol are added to the entire alkane name to indicate two and three -OH groups. Polar.

Isomers

Each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

Alkynes

Hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. General formula is CnH2n - 2

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The number of hydrogen atoms in an alkene is double the number of carbon atoms. For example, the molecular formula of ethene is C2H4, while for propene it is C3H6. General formula is CnH2n.

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons which contain only single bonds are called alkanes. General formula CnH2n+2

Ether

Method 1: The longest alkyl is parent alkane; second alkyl is numbered and named "-oxy" For example, methoxy ethane. Method 2: The two alkyl groups are named in alphabetical order, followed by the word "ether". For example, methyl ethyl ether.

Nonpolar Molecule

Nonpolar covalent bonds, with equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal. A molecule is nonpolar if the shape is symmetrical, if the central atoms have no lone pairs, and if it only has hydrogen and carbon.

Phenyl

Of or denoting the radical —C6H5, derived from benzene by removal of a hydrogen atom.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Saturated means that the hydrocarbon has only single bonds and that the hydrocarbon contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. Alkanes are described as saturated hydrocarbons, while alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are said to be unsaturated.

Polar Molecule

The greater the electronegativity difference, the more ionic the bond is. Bonds that are partly ionic are called polar covalent bonds. A molecule is polar if the shape isn't symmetrical, if the central atoms have lone pairs, and if it has H-F, H-N, or H-O bonds.

Amine

The longest alkyl attached to nitrogen (amino group) is parent alkane; suffix- "amine",

Boiling Point

The relative strength of the four intermolecular forces is: Ionic > Hydrogen bonding > dipole dipole > Van der Waals dispersion forces. The influence of each of these attractive forces will depend on the functional groups present. Boiling points increase as the number of carbons is increased. Branching decreases boiling point.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonding and contain less than the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon.

Hydrocarbons

a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.

Functional Group

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.