Chem1000 tri-c chapters 11-12

Correctly describe aspartame?

Aspartame is a dipeptide. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener.

Process of interesterfication may reduce the ______________? May be carried out using a ______ as a catalyst.

BOD of the aqueous waste stream produced when using other catalysts. base.

hydrogenation, a process in which hydrogen gas, in the presence of a metal catalyst, adds to a C=C double bond and converts it to a ?

C-C single bond.

a dipeptide is produced when the ________ group of one amino acid reacts with the _________ group of a second amino acid. The resulting bond between the twonis known as a ________ bond.

COOH3. NH2. Peptide.

The equilibrium constant will be independent of the amount of ?

any liquid present.

The same number and kinds of atoms can be ____________________, helping to explain why there are so many different organic compounds

arranged in different ways, arranged in different ways,.

describe carbohydrates: Their molecules are usually built of rings of carbon atoms and an _______ atom? They contain ___________, _____________ and _________.

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Carbohydrates are compounds that contain ?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with H and O atoms found in the same 2:1 ratio as in H2O..

Isomers are molecules with the same ___________________, but with different structures and properties

chemical formula (same number and kinds of atoms), but with different structures and properties.

protein complementarity consists of combining foods that ?

complement essential amino acid content so that the total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids used for protein synthesis.

strong acids will __________ __________ in water, yielding the highest value possible of free ions; numerically, they will have corresponding ____________ __________ much greater than one.

completely dissociate in water. equilibrium constants much greater than one.

Equilibrium is constant is when the concentration of products divided by the concentration of _____________?

concentration of reactants for a reversible reaction that is at equilibrium./

the base created when an acid loses its hydrogen ion is called the ?

conjugate base..

hydrogen atoms can be ___________ from each other on the C=C double bond. We call this bonding arrangement?

diagonally across. trans.

Our bodies can digest starch by breaking it down into glucose; in contrast, we cannot digest ?

digest cellulose..

Glycine and alanine can form two different

dipeptides..

A buffer is most useful when the solution's pH is ? This is achieved by mixing equal moles of the _____________ and ___________.

equal to the pKa value. acid and conjugate.

the system on a macroscopic level will appear static with a constant concentration of products balanced by a constant concentration of reactants.

equilibrium.

cause of a negative nitrogen balance may be a diet that does not include sufficient quantities of ?

essential amino acids.

triglycerides are molecules that contain three ______ _______ _______.

ester functional groups.

which of the following options correctly describe how excess glucose is dealt with in the human body?

excess glucose is polymerized to glycogen with the help of insulin and stored in our muscles and liver.

A buffer is a system that responds only gradually or slightly to an ?

external influence..

Which of the following options correctly describe insulin and glucagon?

Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on blood glucose levels. Both are hormones that control glucose production and storage in the body.

A dipeptide :

Is formed when two amino acids combine. contains a peptide bond.

match each type of amino acid side chain to the principle types of interactions it exhibits both with other: Ionic attractions: Hydrogen Bonding: London Dispersion Forces:

London dispersion field: nonpolar side chains. Ionic attractions: acidic and basic side chains. Hydrogen Bonding: Side chains with -OH groups.

Carbs are considered _________nutrients.

Macronutrients.

water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C often contain several __________groups that can hydrogen bond with water molecules.

-OH groups.

Insulin:

-The sugar that is not immediately broken down for energy is converted to fat and stored in your cells. -Controls Uptake and storage of glucose in cells. -Is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.

Which of the following options correctly relate the melting points of fatty acids to their molecular structure?

1. Increasing the number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain raises the melting point. 2. Saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids containing the same number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

monounsatured fatty acids contain ___________ double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas __________ fatty acids contain two or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.

One, polyunsaturated.

Saturated fatty acids:

Posses a CO2H group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain. Hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

What are the five artificial sweeteners approved in the United States?

Saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, and acesulfame potassium.

Carbon almost always forms ________ bonds, which may include ________ single bonds, or some combination of single, double, and triple bonds.

four bonds. four single bonds.

which ofthe following options correctly describe the structures of staerch and cellulose?

The structures of cellulose and starch differ in the orientations of the A (starch) and B (cellulose) linkages of the glucose units. Starch and cellulose are both constructed from glucose units.

issues with base-catalyzed method for interesterification of fatty acids?

This method uses large quantities of water. The waste produced has a high biological oxygen demand. Strongly basic solutions present problems for worker safety.

Which of the following options correctly describe how amino acids link together to make peptides?

Three amino acids may combine to produce a variety of different peptides. A dipeptide with the amino acid sequence glycine-alanine is different from an dipeptide with the sequence alanine-glycine. The order of amino acids in a peptide has important consequences for its behavior.

The current ratio of [products]/[reactants] is known as the reaction quotient, Q, and it may be ________ than, _______ than, or ___________ the equilibrium constant, Keq.

greater than, less than, or equal to the equilibrium constant, Keq.

Functional groups are distinctive arrangements of _________ of ______ that impart characteristic physical and chemical properties to the molecules that contain them.

groups of atoms.

A fatty acid is saturated if the ?

hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

Acids and bases are specific chemicals that effectively change the concentration of ?

hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution. An acid in water separates into an anion and a hydronium ion.

which of the following reasons do manufacturers use to justify adding sugar to many different types of processed foods?

improve taste, texture, shelf life.

hrdogenation of an oil ______ its degree of a saturation and ____________ its melting point.

increases. raises.

which of the following options correctly describe the relationship between the degree of unsaturation of an oil and its shelf life?

increasing the degree of saturation of an oil improves its shelf life. C=C bonds are most susceptible to reaction with oxygen in the air than the C-C single bonds.

Minerals are__________ or _____________ compounds that, like vitamins, have a wide range of physiological functions.

ions or ionic compounds

Analogously, buffers-composed of a acids and bases-shield our bodies from ?

large shifts in pH..

our bodies can synthesize almost all fatty acids from the foods we eat. The exceptions are ____________ and ______________.

linoleic and linolenic acids.

oils are triglycerides that are??

liquids at room temperature.

Depending on how much of them you need, minerals are classified as either ____________, ____________, or ____________.

macro, micro, or trace:

___________ supply all of the energy and most of the raw material for body repair and synthesis.

macronutrients.

the complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life??

metabolism—.

Vitamins and minerals are ________________, substances that are needed only in miniscule amounts but still are essential to life

micronutrients.

Polysaccharides are condensation polymers made up of thousands of ?

monosaccharide units.

Fructose is an example of a ?

monosaccharide.

a single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom is called a ______?

monosaccharide.

Unsaturated fatty acids are either ______________ or _____________.

monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.

Medicinal chemistry is the science that deals with the discovery or design of ?

new therapeutic chemicals and their development into useful medicines..

fatty acids include a nonpolar _______ chain and a polar ___________ group.

nonpolar hydrocarbon chain. and a polar carboxylic acid group.

fatty acids are unsaturated if they contain ?

one or more C=C double bonds because there is room for H2 to react and become saturated..

Malnutrition is caused by a diet lacking in ?

proper nutrients, even though the energy content of the food may be adequate..

According to data released in the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, ________% of the total Calories consumed by people in the United States are from added sugars.

13%.

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a _______ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of _________ containing carbon atoms.

2:1. Rings.

When we speak of equilibrium constant and evaluate whether the reactant/product are favored we mean?

Which has a greater concentration after equilibrium has been established. Example : If Keq > 1, then the concentration of the product, [B], must be favored. In contrast, if Keq < 1, then the concentration of the reactant, [A], must be favored

Which of the following accurately describes the formation of a disaccharide?

a C-O-C linkage is created when the two monosaccharaides are joined together. The formation of a dissacharide from two monosaccharide units is a condensation reaction.

One way of carrying out an interesterification reaction uses a base as a?

a catalyst..

line-angle drawings are often used to represent the _________ _________ for large molecules.

structural formulas for large molecules.

Micronutrients

substances that are essential to life.are substances that are required in miniscule amounts. Vitamins. Minerals.

triglycerides are formed from a chemical reaction between _________________ and ___________.

three fatty acids and the alcohol glycerol.

reactive nitrogen are the compounds of nitrogen that cycle ?

through the biosphere and interconvert with each other..

describe the proteins cis an trans fatty acids?

trans fatty acids tend to be solids at room temp. trans fatty acids are similar in shape to saturated fatty acids, and behave in a similar manner in the body

dipeptide, a compound formed from ?

two amino acids..

a condition in which a person's daily caloric intake is insufficient to meet metabolic needs?.

undernourishment.

"low-carb" diets promote eating more protein as a way to ?

use up stored Calories.

What form of sugar is the healthiest choice in a balanced diet?

Complex polysaccharides.

Green chemistry approach to hte interesterification of fatty acids by using ??

Enzymes.

Which of the following options correctly describe essential amino acids?

Essential amino acids are naturally occurring compounds. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body. These amino acids are required for protein synthesis.

why can't humans eat grass?

the human digestive system is unable to break down the B linkages that characterize cellulose.

insulin is a hormone secreted by the ____________ that allows the cells in your body to absorb and store sugar that is in the blood.

pancreas.

trans fats are formed during _____ hydrogeneration of natural oils?

partial.

weak acids will __________ ___________ in water; numerically, they will have an equilibrium constant less than one, showing that the dissociated state is present but less favorable.

partially dissociate in water.

The ______________ functions of minerals are widely diverse

physiological.

A fertilizer is any natural or synthetic material that is applied to soils or directly to plants in order to supply ?

plant nutrients and promote plant growth.

Contains Linoleic acid and linoleic?

plant oils. fish. leafy vegetables.

A protein is a __________ or _________; that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers.

polyamide or polypeptide

Pharmaceuticals are therapeutic substances intended to ?

prevent, moderate, or cure illnesses.

If the dissociation of an acid to a free hydrogen ion and anion is reversible, we must then have a _________ ___________ in which the anion can pick up a hydrogen ion.

reverse reaction.

most natural unsaturated fatty acids, the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the same _______________? We call this bonding arrangement ?

same side of the C=C double bond.. cis:.

Interesterification is any process in which the fatty acids on two or more triglycerides are ???

scrambled to produce a mixture of different triglycerides.

Fats are triglycerides that are ___________________?

solids at room temperature.

Aspartame is composed primarily of the amino acids _________ and ______________.

spartic acid and phenylalanine.

Vitamins can be classified on the basis of being _______ or ___________soluble.

water- or fat-soluble..

Conjugate bases are only truly important for ________ _________, as the large equilibrium constant for strong acids make the reverse reaction (the association of a conjugate base and hydrogen cation) too unlikely.

weak acids.

Which of the following options correctly describe the levels and the roles of the minerals K+ and Na+ in the body?

within a cell the concentration of K+ is greater than that of Na+. .K+ and Na+ are important for the rhythmic beating of the heart. K+ and Na+ have similar chemical properties and physiological functions.