CHEM101 Ch. 6 Connect

Which of the following statements correctly describe the primary uses of the chemical reactions of gasoline?

-Catalytic cracking is used to overcome the high energy expenditure required for traditional thermal cracking. -Catalytic combination converts multiple small molecules into larger molecules, and it can be used to form polymers.

Which of these statements correctly describe the process of distillation?

-It involves heating a mixture to boiling and recollecting the vapors. -It is commonly used to separate the components of crude oil.

Which of the following options correctly explain why petroleum has overtaken coal as the largest energy source in the United States?

-It is easier to extract from underground. -It produces more energy per gram than coal.

What are the biggest advantages of natural gas as a fuel source?

-It leaves no ash residue. -It produces almost no sulfur oxides.

Which of the following options correctly describe fats and oils?

-Oils are typically found in plants rather than from animal sources. -Both fats and oils are triglycerides.

Which of the following products are separated from crude oil?

-Starting materials for plastics and other carbon-based products -Jet fuel -Industrial oils and lubricants

How is crude oil recovered from oil reservoirs?

-Water is pumped into injection wells to force oil out. -When an oil well is drilled, the reservoir pressure is released, causing crude oil to gush out.

Which of the following are biofuels?

-Wood -Ethanol

In addition to providing fuel, crude oil also supplies components used as feedstocks to produce _____.

-fabrics -plastics -pharmaceuticals

Refinery gases ______.

-include methane -are found in the "lightest" fraction of crude oil -may be used as fuel at the refinery

A slice of pizza supplies 217 kcal (217 Cal). If a person weighing 140 lb expends 80 kcal per mile when walking at 2.0 miles per hour, approximately how long will it take to use up the calories from the pizza?

1 hour 20 minutes

Match each type of reaction correctly to its representative example. 1) Catalytic cracking 2) Catalytic combination 3) Catalytic reforming

1) C18H38 → C9H20 + C9H18 2) 2 C4H8→ C8H16 3) C8H18(n-octane) → C8H18(iso-octane)

1) methane: 2) ethane: 3) n-pentane: 4) n-heptane:

1) CH4 2) C2H6 3) C5H12 4) C7H16

Place the steps for the distillation of crude oil in the proper order, beginning with the first step at the top of the list.

1) The crude oil mixture is heated 2) Compounds with the lowest boiling point vaporize 3) High boiling compounds vaporize 4) Vapors are separated in the fractionation tower 5) Products are condensed and collected

Rank the following structures, from lowest to highest boiling points. Place the substance with the lowest boiling point at the top of the list.

1) iso-pentane 2) n-pentane 3) iso- octane 4) n-octane

Rank the following refinery products of crude oil, from lowest to highest boiling points. Place the product with the lowest boiling point at the top of the list.

1. Jet fuel 2. Refinery gases 3. Gasoline 4. Industrial fuels 5. Asphalt

Based on the following equation, which conversion factor can be used to determine how much energy is released when a certain amount of iso-octane burns? 2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (g) → 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g) + 10,900 kJ

10,900kJ2mol /C8H18

A 1 oz piece of dark chocolate supplies 720. kJ of energy. Convert this to kcal (nutritional calories or Cal) given that 1 kJ = 0.239 kcal.

172 Cal

In the combustion of methane, how many O-H bonds are formed? Write the balanced equation and consider the Lewis structure of water. Multiple choice question. 4

4

Carbon is in Group 14 (IVA) and has _____ valence electrons. In order to attain a full octet in its outer shell it will therefore form _____ covalent bonds.

4, 4

How much more energy per gram does petroleum combustion yield relative to coal?

40-60%

Write the balanced equation and draw Lewis structures of reactants and products to determine the number of C=O bonds formed during the combustion of propane.

6

How many gallons of nonfuel petroleum products are typically produced from a barrel of crude oil?

8

Match each process correctly with the associated energy change. A) Bond breaking B) Bond forming

A) absorbs energy B) releases energy

Match each type of chemical formula to the correct description. A) Molecular Formula B)Structural Formula

A) gives the ratio of elements in a compound B) shows the placement of all atoms in the compound shows the placement of all atoms in the compound

Which of the following is an endothermic process?

Boiling water

Which of the following options correctly describes the reaction shown below? C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g) + 2,220 kJ

Burning 1 mole of C3H8 releases 2,200 kJ of heat.

Which of the following is the chemical formula for octane?

C8H18

Which of the following options correctly describe the bonding of carbon?

Carbon typically forms 4 covalent bonds. Carbon bonds to attain a total of 8 valence electrons. Before bonding carbon has 4 valence electrons.

Combustion is best described as ________.

Chemical reaction with oxygen to release energy

Converting a substance from liquid to solid states is considered an _____________(exothermic/endothermic) process. The conversion from liquid to gaseous states is considered an ______________(exothermic/endothermic) process.

Endothermic, Exothermic

True or false: Energy is required to form bonds.

False

True or false: Natural gas (methane) used for home heating is primarily obtained from crude oil refineries.

False

Fuels formed by natural processes such as the decomposition of prehistoric organisms are called ________ fuels

Fossil

Which of the following are considered exothermic processes?

Freezing water Burning a fuel

Which of the following are products of combustion?

H2O, CO2

What is the name of C7H16?

Heptane

Which of the following options best describes isomers?

Isomers contain the same number and type of atoms, but they are connected in different ways.

During an energy conversion, what happens to the energy that is "lost"?

It becomes kinetic energy of random motion of the surrounding molecules.

Which of the following options correctly describes an exothermic reaction?

It releases more energy by forming product bonds than is needed to break reactant bonds.

What is the modern metric unit of energy?

Joule (J)

What compound makes up the majority of natural gas?

Methane

Which of the following are common sources of energy in the United States?

Petroleum Natural gas Coal

For oil exploration, which of the following is used to recover oil from underground reserves that were once out of reach?

Secondary recovery

How is a calorie defined?

The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 oC

In what way does the structural formula of a compound differ from its molecular formula?

The structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds.

Which of the following can be used to determine the heat released by a combustion reaction performed in a calorimeter?

The temperature increase of the calorimeter system

True or false: Secondary oil recovery is also known as waterflooding.

True

Energy is the ability to do __________ or to produce ___________ .

Work, Change

Energy is required to _________(break/form) bonds, whereas energy is released when bonds are _________.

break, formed

The ability to do work or produce change is called ______.

energy

An _________ reaction releases energy/heat, whereas an __________ reaction requires energy/heat.

exothermic, endothermic

Isomers have the same _____ but different _____.

formula; structures

A calorimeter is used to measure the ___________ released or absorbed by a reaction.

heat

Which of these units are commonly used to express heats of combustion?

kJ/mol kcal/g

Biofuels are energy sources that are produced from contemporary _________ matter.

organic

When oil is burned in a power plant, the _____ energy of the oil is converted into heat, which increases the _____ energy of the water.

potential; kinetic

When coal is burned in a power plant, __________ energy is converted into electricity, a form of kinetic energy.

potiential

Fats are _____ at room temperature, whereas oils are _____ under the same conditions.

solids; liquids

Energy conversion can never be 100% efficient because _____.

some amount of potential energy is always dissipated as heat

The heat of combustion of a compound is best described as _____.

the amount of heat released when a specific amount of a substance burns