Chemistry Ch.5

S is spherical, p is dumbbell shaped, d is complex in shape, and F is VERY complex in shape

Describe the shapes of the s, p, d, and f atomic orbitals.

each orbital can hold only two electrons.

Describe the three principals that govern the building of an electron configuration...2. The Pauli Exclusion Principle

electrons first enter separate orbitals of the same energy, with each electron having the same spin, before pairing with electrons that have opposite spins.

Describe the three principals that govern the building of an electron configuration...3. Hund's Rule

Aufbau principle

Electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.

Pauli exclusion principle

Electrons occupy orbitals of lowest energy first.

to move up and energy level an electron has to gain a specific amount of energy. to move down an energy level an electron has to lose a specific amount of energy.

Explain what has to occur for an electron to move up an energy level and/or move down an energy level?

atomic orbitals

Orbitals, which are found in ________, have different shapes, depending on the energy of the electrons they contain.

principle quantum numbers (n)

the term that is used to label the energy levels of electrons

neon

1s^2,2s^2,2p^6

move an electron from its present energy level to a higher one.

A quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to

energy level

A region in space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be moving.

atomic orbital

An ___________ is often thought of as a region of space which there is a high probability of finding and electron

Pauli exclusion principle

An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons.

pauli exclusion principle

An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons.

An electron is found only in specific clear paths, or orbits around nucleus.

Bohr

orbitals

Bohr proposed that and electron is found only in specific circular paths, or ______, around the nucleus.

chronium

Correct electron configurations can be obtained by using the Aufbau diagram for the elements up to and including vanadium. _______ and copper are exceptions to the Aufbau principle.

Electrons occupy orbitals in a definite sequence, filling orbitals with lower energies first. But, in the third level the energy ranges of the principal energy levels begin to overlap. As a result, the 4s sublevel is lower in energy than the 3d sublevel, so it fills first.

Explain why the 4s sublevel fills before the 3d sublevel begins to fill as electrons are added.

stable

Filled energy sublevels are more _________ than partially filled sublevels.

stable

Half-filled levels are not as______________ as filled levels but are more stable than other configurations.

Bohr said the electrons moved in specific circular paths around the nucleus

How did Bohr describe the movement of electrons?

5

How many electrons are in the highest occupied energy level of antimony?

5

How many orbitals are in the 3d sublevel

7

How many orbitals are in the 4f sublevel

3

How many orbitals are in the 4p sublevel

2

How many unpaired electrons are in a sulfur atom?

an electron

Hund's rule states that the electrons pair up after each orbital in a sublevel is occupied by ______.

the number of electrons occupying each sublevel

In an electron configuration, what does a superscript stand for?

number of electrons in the atom

In an electron configuration, what does the sum of the superscripts equal?

further

In general, the higher the electron is on the energy ladder, the_________ it is from the nucleus.

circular

In the Bohr model, the electrons move in _______ paths.

1. Dalton proposed that matter was made of indestructible particles called atoms. 2. Thompson proposed that the atomic model in which negatively charged electrons were embedded in a positively charged mass. 3. Rutherford discovered that the atoms are mainly empty space. 4. Bohr proposed that electrons are arranged in concentric circular paths around the nucleus. 5. In modern atomic theory, the locations of electrons are not fixed.

Summarize the development of atomic theory.

false

T/F As many as four electrons can occupy the same orbital

true

T/F Electrons must have a certain minimum amount of energy called a quantum in order to move from one energy level to the next higher energy level.

false

T/F Every element in the periodic table follows the aufbau principle.

True

T/F The Pauli exclusion principle states that an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons.

False

T/F The configuration 3d^4,4s^2 is more stable than the configuration 3d^5,4s^1.

Sometimes true

T/F The electron probability clouds for atomic orbitals are spherical in shape.

False

T/F The electrons in an atom can exist between energy levels

ST

T/F The higher the energy level occupied by an electron the more the energetic it is.

True

T/F The number of sublevels in an energy level is equal to the square of the principal quantum number of that energy level.

ST

T/F The orbitals of a principal energy level are lower in energy than the orbitals in the next higher principal energy level.

True

T/F The principal quantum number equals the number of sublevels within that principal energy level.

true

T/F The quantum mechanical model of the atom estimates the probability of finding an electron in a certain position.

True

T/F the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the fourth principal energy of an atom is 32.

2

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of only ______ electrons can occupy each orbital.

Quantum mechanic

The ____ model is the modern description of the electrons in atoms.

quantum mechanical

The ______ model describes the energy an electron can have and the probability of finding the electron in various locations around the nucleus of an atom.

Pauli exclusion

The ______ principle states that a maximum of only 2 electrons can occupy each orbital.

quantum

The amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one

electrons

The chemical properties of atoms, ions, and molecules are related to the arrangement of the _____ within them.

S

The letter _____ is used to denote a spherical orbital.

quantum mechanical model

The modern description of the behavior of electrons in atoms.

electron configuration

The most stable arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.

atomic orbitals

The regions around the nucleus within which the electrons have the highest probability of being found.

consistent

The various orbitals within a sublevel of a principle energy level are always of _____ energy.

electron configurations

The ways in which electrons are arranged around the nuclei of atoms are called _______.

electron configuration

The ways which electrons are arranged into orbitals around the nuclei of atoms are called____

probability

This model estimates the ______ of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus.

opposite

To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must have ______ spins.

energy levels

What are the fixed energies of electrons called

1

What is the lowest principle energy level

s, p, and d

What types of atomic orbitals are in the third principal energy level?

Hunds rule

When electrons contain orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron with parallel spins.

Hund's Rule

When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron with the same spin direction.

superscripts

When using the shorthand method for showing the electron configuration of an atom, _______ are used to indicate the number of electrons occupying each sublevel.

electrons

When using the shorthand method for showing the electron configuration of and atom, superscripts are used to indicate the number of _______ occupying each sublevel.

1

how many orbitals are in the 2s sublevel