Chemistry chapter 6 study guide

2-

An atom gains two electrons to form an ion. What is the charge of this ion?

They gain one electron, so the nucleus pushes them away, since there are more electrons than neutrons.

Anions are bigger than the atoms from which they form because...

They lose an electron so the nucleus pulls them closer, since there are more protons than neutrons

Cations are smaller than the atoms from which they form because...

Its outermost level is further away from the nucleus and cesium also has very few valence electrons so it will be easier to lose them.

Cesium has the lowest electronegativity because...

Element X will attract electrons more strongly than gallium.

Compared to gallium (Ga), element X has a higher electronegativity. Which of the following is true of element X?

To be able to be drawn into (made into) a thin wire

Ductile

To draw conclusions of an unknown situation by assuming that trends will continue or similar methods will be applicable

Extrapolate

It is a small atom which means the nucleus will reach the outermost level easier and fluorine is very close to having a full valence shell

Fluorine has the highest electronegativity because...

Number of valence electrons

For any representative elements, its group number equals its?

They are close to or already have a full valence shell, so they are unlikely to lose electrons

Halogens and Noble Gases have very high ionization energies because...

Elements can be sorted into noble gases, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, representative elements, transition metals, or inner transition metals based on their electron configurations. Each group of elements has atoms that react based on the number of valence electrons.

How can elements be classified based on their electron configurations?

Mendeleev arranged the elements into rows in order of increasing mass so that elements with similar properties were in the same column

How did Mendeleev organize his periodic table?

Early chemists used the properties of elements to sort them into groups

How did chemists begin to organize the known elements?

They used the properties of the elements to sort them into groups

How did early chemists (not Medeleev) sort the elements?

Positive and negative ions are formed when electrons are transferred between atoms.

How do positive and negative ions form?

The atomic radius of Na is larger than the atomic radius of Na+

How does Na compare to Na+?

The atomic radius is 1 1/2 of the distance between the nuclei of the same element when the atoms are joined

How is atomic size measured?

In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number

How is the modern periodic table organized?

3

How many electrons are in the highest occupied energy level of aluminum?

7

How many electrons are in the highest occupied energy level of bromine?

2

How many valence electrons are in calcium?

1

How many valence electrons are in hydrogen?

Yes, because there are more filled orbitals in bromine.

Is the shielding effect likely to be greater in bromine than in chlorine?

S, Na, Cs

List the symbols for sodium, sulfur, and cesium in order of increasing atomic radii.

Metals, nonmetals, metalloids

List the three classes of elements.

Lithium has less electrons, so it is easier to steal them

Lithium has a lower ionization energy than beryllium because...

To be able to be hammered into a thin sheet without breaking or cracking

Malleable

In order of increasing atomic mass

Mendeleev arranged the periodic table...

Oxygen's nucleus is stronger

Oxygen atoms are smaller than boron atoms, even though oxygen has more electrons and protons because ....

Potassium has a higher principle energy level

Potassium atoms are bigger than sodium atoms because....

Silicon has more electrons so its harder to steal them

Silicon has a higher ionization energy than sodium because...

In order of increasing atomic number

The modern periodic table has elements arranged....

Noble gas

To which class of elements does argon (Ar) belong?

Transition metal

To which class of elements does manganese (Mn) belong?

Alkali metal

To which class of elements does potassium (K) belong?

Transition metal

To which class of elements does silver (Ag) belong?

easily evaporated at normal temperatures or liable to change rapidly and unpredictably especially for the worse

Volatile

Representative elements are elements in group 1a-7a

What are representative elements?

Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids

What are the three broad classes of elements?

Big atoms= bottom and left = francium Small atoms= top and right= helium, hydrogen, fluorine, and neon

What are the trends among the elements for atomic size?

His addition arranged them by reactivity and left gaps that would later be filled by elements.

What did Mendeleev's periodic table have that previous periodic tables didn't have?

Flourine

What is an example of a halogen?

Francium

What is an example of a metal?

Arsenic

What is an example of a metalloid?

Helium

What is an example of a noble gas?

Oxygen

What is an example of a nonmetal?

Iron

What is an example of a transition metal?

Potassium

What is an example of an alkali metal?

Calcium

What is an example of an alkaline earth metal?

Uranium

What is an example of an inner transition metal?

The Periodic Law is when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties.

What is periodic law?

1-

What is the charge of an ion with 6 protons and 7 electrons?

Solid

What is the state at room temperature of the alkali metal in Period 4?

Electronegativity and ionization energy

What of the following properties increases as you move across a period from left to right? -electronegativity -ionization energy -atomic radius

The periodic table displays the symbols and names of the elements, along with info about the structure of their atoms

What type of information is displayed in a periodic table?

Metals form positive ions

What type of ions do metals form?

Nonmetals form negative ions?

What type of ions do nonmetals form?

Magnesium

Which of the following elements is located in Group 2, Period 3, of the Periodic Table? Boron Magnesium Calcium Aluminum

Aluminum

Which of the following elements would probably be the best material from which to make a wire? Aluminum Boron Hydrogen Argon

Mendeleev

Who was the scientist that is credited with developing the periodic table?

Because higher value PELS are being filled and each PEL is further from the nucleus

Why do atoms get bigger down a column/family/group?

Because the electrons in a period are all being added to the same PEL and cannot be any further from the nucleus that that amount of energy will allows.

Why do atoms get smaller across a period?

Conductivity test

Your teacher presents you with an unlabeled sample of an element. To determine if the sample is a metal or a nonmetal, which of the following would be BEST to use? Bunsen burner Conductivity test Distillation apparatus Microscope