Chemistry chapter 7 smartbook assignment

Place the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength (shortest at the top to longest at the bottom).

1. X-ray 2. UV radiation 3. Visible light 4. IR radiation 5. Radiowaves

A p orbital has _________regions or lobes of high electron probability on either side of the nucleus. This gives the orbital a dumbbell shape with a(n)___________or region of zero electron density at the nucleus.

2, node

Which of the following statements correctly describe an s orbital? Select all that apply.

A 2s orbital has two regions of high electron density. An s orbital has a spherical shape.

Which of the following correctly defines an atomic orbital in terms of the quantum-mechanical model of the atom?

A mathematical function that describes the position of the electron-wave in three dimensions

Which of the following statements correctly describe p orbitals? Select all that apply.

A p orbital has a dumbbell shape with two lobes, one on either side of the nucleus. p orbitals always occur in groups of three. The p orbitals of a group are perpendicular to each other.

Which of the following statements correctly describe photons? Select all that apply.

A photon can transfer momentum to another particle in a collision. Each photon has a specific energy, frequency, and wavelength. Photons are particles of electromagnetic radiation.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a photon? Select all that apply.

A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the behavior of waves and particles according to the classical model of matter? Select all that apply.

A wave is able to bend around the edge of an object in its path, whereas a particle is not. A wave exhibits diffraction patterns, whereas a particle does not.

Which of the following correctly expresses energy in terms of Planck's constant? Select all that apply.

E = hv E= hc/λ

Which of the following equations correctly reflects the relationship between energy and frequency?

E = hν

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atom in terms of quantum mechanics? Select all that apply.

Each electron occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. This space is described by a wave function. Electrons exhibit behavior of both waves and particles. The movement of each electron in the atom can be described by a wave function.

Why are electrons restricted to certain, discrete energy levels within an atom?

Electrons have wavelike motion and are restricted to certain energy states associated with specific wavelengths.

True or false: The atomic orbital of the quantum-mechanical model is very similar to the orbit described by the Bohr model.

False

Which of the following correctly depict the symbol and units for frequency? Select all that apply.

Hz, and v

Which of the following is a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?

It is not possible to assign fixed paths for electrons.

Which of the following statements correctly describe wave-particle duality? Select all that apply.

Matter and energy are different forms of the same entity. All matter exhibits wavelike motion. Energy and mass can be interconverted.

Describe the probability contour representation of an atom.

Probability contours allow us to represent a finite, bound volume in which we are most likely to find an electron.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the magnetic quantum number, ml? Select all that apply.

The allowed values for ml range from -l to +l. This value indicates the orientation of an orbital in the space around the nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the electromagnetic spectrum? Select all that apply.

The color of visible light is related to its frequency. All waves in the spectrum travel at the same speed in a vacuum.

Which of the following statements correctly describes how energy is absorbed by an atom?

The energy of the absorbed radiation must match the difference between the two energy states of the atom.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the principal quantum number, n? Select all that apply.

The lower the value of n, the greater the probability that the electron is closer to the nucleus. n can have any positive whole-number value.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the angular momentum quantum number, l? Select all that apply.

The number of possible l values equals the value of n. The value of l dictates the allowed values of ml . The allowed values of l are determined by the value of n.

Select all the options that correctly describe the radial probability distribution plot of the electron in the ground-state hydrogen atom.

The radial probability distribution plot indicates the most probable distance from the nucleus in which to find the electron. The radial probability distribution plot is the sum of Ψ2 values of spherical layers surrounding the nucleus. The radial probability distribution plot is the total probability of finding the electron as a function of distance from the nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information provided by quantum numbers? Select all that apply.

The relative size of the orbital is indicated by the value of n. The quantum number n indicates the principal energy level of an orbital. The quantum number l indicates the shape of an orbital.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the de Broglie wavelength for a particle? Select all that apply.

The smaller the object, the closer the wavelength is to the size of the object. Wave behavior is most obvious for very small particles. The larger the mass of the particle, the smaller its wavelength.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the photoelectric effect? Select all that apply.

The threshold frequency differs for different metals used in the photoelectric cell. Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate.

Energy is quantized. What does this mean?

There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further.

Which of the following statements correctly describe probability density and electron probability density diagrams? Select all that apply.

These diagrams show the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of the atom. The probability of finding an electron generally decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus.

Which of the following determines the color of visible light? Select all that apply.

Wavelength Frequency

According to the classical distinction between waves and matter: _____ will bend around the edges of a small opening in an object in their path. _____ will go bounce off an object in their path or go straight through.

Waves, Particles

The _____ momentum quantum number has the symbol l and can take values from _____ to (n - 1). This number is related to the _____ of the orbital.

angular; 0; shape

Which of the following correctly define, depict the symbol, and provide the units for the speed of electromagnetic radiation (light)? Select all that apply.

c = 3.00 × 10^8 m/s c = λ × υ Light moves at a constant distance per time.

Atoms, like all other matter, have specific energy levels within them. For an atom to absorb radiation, the energy of the radiation must match the energy__________between the two energy levels in the atoms.

change

Using the Schrodinger wave equation, we can determine the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of the atom. The electron probability density _____ with distance from the nucleus, meaning that the farther one gets from the nucleus the _____ likely it is to find an electron. (Electrons are not found within the nucleus.)

decreases; less

Visible light is one type of__________radiation, which consists of energy propagated by electric and__________fields that alternately increase and decrease in intensity as they move through space.

electromagnetic, magnetic

Visible light and radio waves are both examples of__________radiation, which has a dual nature, possessing the properties of both__________and waves

electromagnetic, particles

Radial probability distribution plots show the total probability (the sum within a concentric layer) of finding a(n)____________as a function of distance r from the nucleus.

electron

A central concept in quantum mechanics is that both matter and___________are alternate forms of the same entity and therefore both exhibit dual characteristics of particles and of__________.This model allows a better understanding of the behavior of tiny particles such as electrons.

energy, waves

The _____ of a wave is the number of wave cycles per second. This quantity is given the symbol ν and has units of s-1 or _____.

frequency, Hz

The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the__________of the wave by its wavelenth. In a vacuum all electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed, the speed of__________, which is equal to 3.00 x 108 m/s. (Include a word in the last fill in the blank space, not a number.)

frequency, light

Wavelength and frequency are _____ proportional to each other. As wavelength increases, frequency will _____.

inversely; decrease

When describing orbitals, a node ________. Select all that apply.

is a region of zero electron density occurs when ψ2 is equal to zero

Arrange the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency: infrared, microwave, gamma, visible.

microwave < infrared < visible < gamma

The energy levels of the hydrogen atom depend on the value of which quantum number(s)?

n

The principal quantum number is given the symbol_________and has positive, whole-number values starting from __________

n, 1

A region of zero electron density in an orbital is called a(n) ______.

node

The magnetic quantum number has the symbol ml, and this value indicates the _____ of an orbital in space. The ml value is dictated by the value of _____.

orientation; l

Electrons, like all other matter, exhibit the dual behavior of both__________and waves. Since electrons travel like waves, their energy is restricted to certain energy__________each of which is associated with a specific wavelength.

particles, levels

The phenomenon where an electric current is produced by shining a light on a metal plate is called the___________effect. The minimum frequency required to cause a current to flow is called the___________frequency. This frequency depends on the identity of the metal used.

photoelectric, threshold

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called__________, which exhibit both _________and particle behavior. The greater the momentum of a photon, the____________its wavelength

photons, wave, shorter

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called__________, each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy. However, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific__________(usually expressed in nm) and frequency (expressed in s-1).

photons, wavelength

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to know the exact momentum and ___________ of a particle simultaneously. In terms of atomic structure, this means that we cannot determine fixed__________ for electrons but can only determine the___________of finding an electron in a given region of space.

position, orbits, chance

Match each quantum number to the information it provides about an atomic orbital. The principal quantum number n indicates the The angular momentum quantum number l indicates the The magnetic quantum number ml indicates the The relative size of the orbital is related to the value of The shape of the orbital is related to the value of

principal energy level. sublevel of the orbital. orientation of an orbital in space. the quantum number n. the quantum number l.

The speed of light is the ______ of its frequency and wavelength. In a vacuum, this value is a constant, ______.

product; 3.00 × 10^8 m/s

Energy is not continuous, but is quantized or divided into "packets," each of which contains a definite amount of energy. An energy packet is called a(n) _____, and the energy of each packet is directly proportional to its _____.

quantum frequency

Match each value of l, the angular momentum quantum number, to the type of orbital sublevel it designates. 0 1 2 3

s sublevel p sublevel d sublevel f sublevel

An orbital with l = 0 is called a(n) _____ type orbital and has a(n) _____ shape. There is always a total of _____ orbital(s) of this type for each principal energy level.

s; spherical; 1

All waves in the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same _____ through a vacuum, but differ in their frequency and wavelength. A wave with a long (large) wavelength will have a _____ frequency.

speed, low

The angular momentum quantum number, l, indicates the__________of the orbitals in an atom. A value of l = 0 indicates a(n)___________type orbital while a d orbital is indicated by an l value of___________

sublevel, s, 2

True or false: A probability contour represents a bounded, finite volume about a nucleus in which there is a substantial probability of finding the electron.

true

True or false: The sublevels of each principal energy level of the hydrogen atom have the same energy.

true

The frequencies and wavelengths of visible light are perceived as different colors. The visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from higher frequency/shorter wavelength ______ to lower frequency/longer wavelength ______.

violet; red

All matter behaves as though it moves in___________he motion of any particle can be described by the de Broglie equation, which relates the wavelength of a particle to its_____________and speed

wave, mass

In the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, an electron is viewed as a wave-particle that occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. The movement of the electron is described by a__________function, which is also called an atomic __________

wave, orbital

The distance a wave travels during one cycle is called its__________. This is usually measured as the distance between two__________ or two troughs.

wavelength, peaks

Select the correct symbol and units for wavelength. Select all that apply.

λ nm