Chemistry in Context Final Review
pharmacophore
3D arrangement of atoms/ groups of atoms responsible for the biological activity of a drug molecule
tryptophan, diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
A niacin deficiency, or lack of ____________, can cause pellagra, an illness defined by these four D's:
methane (remember: Mama Eats Peanut Butter)
Based on its name, which carbon compound contains the fewest carbon atoms? chlorobutane propyl alcohol ethanol methane
heroin; no medical use and high potential for abuse
Describe and exemplify a Schedule I drug
oxycodone; some medical uses and high potential for abuse
Describe and exemplify a Schedule II drug
codeine w/ acetominaphen; yes medical use, medium potential for abuse
Describe and exemplify a Schedule III drug
diazepam; yes medical uses, low potential for abuse
Describe and exemplify a Schedule IV drug
cough suppressants; yes medical uses, lowest potential for abuse
Describe and exemplify a Schedule V drug
ocean
Desert sand Fresh snow Ocean Old snow
Both
Does light behave like a particle, a wave, both, or neither?
outer (valence) electrons
Elements in the same column of the periodic table in the Groups labeled A tend to have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same number of:
top right
Elements on which part of the periodic table are most likely to attract a shared pair of electrons?
B. ends in "ide"
Except in the case of hydrocarbons, when naming virtually all compounds made up of two elements, the second element mentioned: A. is preceded by "mono" B. ends in "ide" C. is always the more metallic element D. is the one present in the greater number of atoms.
They secrete an enzyme which attacks the penicillin molecule before it can act.
How do bacteria develop resistance to penicillin?
dextro (+) rotates polarized light clockwise, levo (-) rotates polarized light counterclockwise
How do you denote dextro and levo isomers, and what does each do?
2.26 × 10^23
How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms?
6.02 x 10²³
How many atoms is one mol?
Trace minerals
I, F, Se, Mn; Measured in microgram quantities
NO
The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is:
<3
Just a friendly reminder that you can do this!!
The elements do not change their identities when converted from reactant to product, although, they are bonded in different ways
Law of conservation of matter and mass
number; distribution
The chemical properties of the elements are chiefly due to the ____ and ____ of the outer electrons
groups
On a Periodic Table, the columns of elements with similar properties are
absorbs some UV radiation
Ozone in our atmosphere is important because it:
troposphere; stratosphere
Ozone is considered an air pollutant in the ________ but is a valuable protective layer in the ________.
diphosphorous pentoxide
P2O5 is the chemical formula for
condensation
PET is made from (addition/condensation) polymerization
a
Polyvinyl chloride is highly versatile in its use as a plastic. Which is not a use of PVC? a) milk jugs b) clear plastic shower curtains c) pipe for plumbing d) vinyl siding on houses
above Antarctic, early spring
Stratospheric ozone is destroyed and formed at the same rate: above the equator and above the Antarctic in its early fall. above the Antarctic in its early fall. above the equator. above the Antarctic in its early spring.
0.0009%
The EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. Express this number as a percentage.
they interact with the blood and limit its ability to transport oxygen
The EPA regulates the presence of nitrates and nitrites in water because
All choices correct
The goal of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 was to: A) All of these choices are correct. B) reduce the amount of new production of chlorofluorocarbons in developed countries. C) recycle existing chlorofluorocarbons rather than release them into the air. D) encourage research into substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons.
atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth.
The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which:
was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard
The internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon-12 because this isotope:
bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3-) from the soil
The majority of N2O molecules in the atmosphere come from:
metals
The most numerous of the elements are the
protons and neutrons only
The nucleus of an atom contains:
Clean Air Act of 1970
This act set national air quality standards
alkali (highly reactive)
This group of metals belongs to group 1A
alkaline- earth metals (reactive)
This group of metals belongs to group 2A
C
The Industrial Revolution is a key point in the Earth's atmospheric history because A. spectrometers that could measure molecular response to infrared radiation were developed at that time. B. the first aircraft that could be used to collect atmospheric samples were developed at that time. C. prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources.. D. the first atmospheric studies were conducted at that time.
noble gases (nonreactive)
This group of metals belongs to group 8A
halogens (reactive nonmetals)
This group of nonmetals belongs to group 7A
reduce the amount of CFC's produced
The Montreal protocol is a treaty to:
the number of wavelengths in 1 cm for a specific frequency of light
The ability of a molecule to absorb infrared radiation is measured with IR spectrometers, which report the frequency of light absorbed in units of cm¯1. Which explanation best describes this unit?
particles of ash
The burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide, SO2, a pollutant that slowly reacts in air to form SO3. Sulfur trioxide dissolves into airborne water droplets to form a very corrosive solution of sulfuric acid. Which is a product of burning coal that hastens the transformation of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide?
That they are attached to the C atom to their left
What do parentheses around a chemical formula component (for example, CH3CH(CH3)CH3 denote?
Produce fever and swelling, increase pain receptor sensitivity, inhibit blood vessel dilation, produce stomach acid/mucus, and assist kidney function
What do prostaglandins do?
Sulfur dioxide
What do volcanoes release?
particulate matter and carbon monoxide
What do wildfires produce?
Ozone and nitrogen oxides.
What does lightning produce?
regulates metabolism
What does the hormone thyroxine do?
triglyceride
What forms when three stearic acid molecules combine with a glycerol molecule?
To remove dissolved salts from seawater
What is reverse osmosis used for?
aspirin
What is the drug that is an antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory medicine all at once?
9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
What is the major psychoactive chemical in marijuana?
Zoloft (sertraline)
What is the most commonly prescribed antidepressant in America?
N2
What is the primary component of an exhaled breath?
make hormones to repair stomach lining and maintain kidney function.
What is the primary function of the COX 1 enzyme?
make prostoglandind associated with inflammation, pain, fever
What is the primary function of the COX 2 enzyme?
as chlorine levels increase, ozone decreases
What is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone?
Chemical reactions occur on the clouds that convert molecules that do no damage to those that deplete ozone
What is the role of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) on the destruction of ozone?
methanol, CH3OH
What is the simplest compound of alcohol?
Methanal (formaldehyde) CH2O
What is the simplest compound of aldehyde?
methanoic (formic) acid HCO2H
What is the simplest compound of carboxylic acid?
methyl formate HCOOCH3
What is the simplest compound of ester?
Dimethyl ether CH3OCH3
What is the simplest compound of ether?
acetone (dimethyl ketone) CH3COH3
What is the simplest compound of ketone?
Aspirin
What is the world´s most widely used drug?
addition... bottle caps and tough outdoor furniture
What kind of polymerization does polypropylene go through? What kind of things do people use it for?
Carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter
What pollutants are produced by tailpipes of automobiles?
toxicity and exposure
What two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?
Drugs that produce a physiological response and drugs that inhibit the growth of substances that cause infections
What two groups can drugs be classified in?
400 ppm
What, approximately, is the highest concentration of CO2 measured in the Earth's atmosphere in modern times?
plastic bottles
What´s a major use of PET?
the toxicity of the pollutant
When assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant?
About as big as North America
When it reaches its largest size, the ozone hole over the Antarctic is how large?
polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules.
When the ________molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, the ethanol molecules ________.
The last row on the right
Where are noble gases found on the periodic table?
Vehicle engines, coal burning power plants, wildfires, and blowing dust *Sometimes visible as soot or smoke
Where does particulate matter source from?
The warmest air usually lies at ground level because the sun primarily heats the ground, which in turn warms the air above it. Cooler air is found higher up.
Where does the warm and cold air lie in the troposphere?
DSHEA of 1994
Which act changed the classification of herbal remedies from "food or drug" to dietary supplement?
Controlled substance act
Which act regulates the manufacture and distribution of drugs and places them into one of five schedules?
Violet (followed by indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red)
Which color of the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Which committee established and periodically updates the nomenclature rules for drugs?
CO2
Which component of the air makes up approximately 100 times more of an exhaled breath than of an inhaled breath?
chlorofluorocarbons
Which contributes to the ozone hole? A) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) B) loss of Northern forests C) All of these choices are correct. D) automobile exhaust
any water taken from aquifers
Which correctly describes groundwater?
O3 and electrical arcing
Which correctly pairs an indoor pollutant with its source? O3 and electrical arcing nicotine and paint and paint thinners radon and glues and solvents formaldehyde and unvented space heaters
Canada
Which country gets the smallest percentage of its electrical power from nuclear reactors?
A compound does not exhibit the individual properties of the elements of which it is composed.
Which differentiates a compound from a mixture of two or more elements?
gingko biloba
Which herb supposedly reduces memory loss?
I, II, III
Which ions, if present in drinking water, would pose a significant health risk? I. Pb2+ II. Hg2+ III. Cd2+ IV. Ca2+
Cooling water can suffer thermal pollution
Which is a known risk associated w/ nuclear power plants?
water is colorless and odorless
Which is not a consequence of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?
the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius
Which is the best definition of specific heat?
UV-C
Which is the most energetic form of UV radiation?
I and III only
Which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon? I. Decaying plant and animal remains II. The growth of trees III. Formation of carbonate rock in the ocean IV. Animal respiration
halon-1211
Which of the following compounds is useful for putting out fires and does not deplete stratospheric ozone concentrations? CFC-113 Methyl Bromide Halon-1211 HFCs
carbon monoxide
Which of the following pollutants are you more likely to encounter in dangerous concentrations indoors rather than outdoors? nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide ozone sulfur dioxide
N2
Which of the following substances is NOT considered to be an air pollutant? N2 NO2 O3 SO2
Ozone
Which pollutant under the National Ambient air Quality standards is likely to be the most toxic?
polyethylene
Which polymer can be produced from this monomer?
UV-A
Which region of the ultraviolet spectrum is absorbed least by the atmosphere?
Conservation of Matter and Energy
Which scientific law applies best to nuclear reactions?
O2 and N2
Which two gases make up more than 95% of an inhaled breath?
Coal
Which type of power plants releases the most radioactivity into the atmosphere?
Alexander Fleming
Who discovered penicillin?
the EPA
Who established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards?
HFC's don't contain chlorine
Why are HFCs environmentally superior to the currently used HCFCs?
their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.
Why are N2 and O2 not greenhouse gases?
fat-soluble, so they build up
Why can vitamins A D E and K be harmful if ingested in too high of amounts?
It has fewer polar functional groups and is therefore more fat-soluble
Why is ibuprofen a better enzyme blocker and cell inhibitor than aspirin?
ether
_____ is an isomer of alcohol with a different functional group
carboxylic acid
______ is an isomer of ester with a different functional group
ketone
_______ is an isomer of aldehyde with a different functional group
calcium
_______ is the most abundant mineral in the body
lipids
a class of compounds that includes not only triglycerides but also related compounds like cholesterol and other steroids
steroids
a class of naturally occurring or synthetic fat-soluble organic compounds that share a common carbon skeleton arranged in 4 rings
malnutrition
a diet lacking in proper nutrients, even though energy content may be adequate
lead compound
a drug of modified version of that drug that shows high promise for becoming an approved drug
molecule
a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.
protein complementarity
a principle of combining foods that complete essential amino acid content so the total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids for protein synthesis
nitrogen; oxygen
amines have __________ but no ___________
condensation (produces H2O)
amino acids are combined by a ______ reaction
glycerol
an alcohol, sticky, syrupy liquid sometimes added to soaps and hand liquids
interestification
any process in which the fatty acids on two or more triglycerides are scrambled to produce a mixture of different triglycerides
substituents
atom or functional group that has been substituted for a hydrogen atom
nonpolar, lipid
because vitamin A is almost exclusively C and H atoms, it is (polar/nonpolar), _______ soluble.
Volatile Organic Compounds
carbon-containing compounds that pass easily into the vapor phase
hormones
chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands
generic drug
chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years
coalescents
chemicals added to soften the latex particles in paint
dipeptide
compound formed from two amino acids
hydrocarbons
compounds made up only of elements hydrogen and carbon
carbohydrates
compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, with H and O atoms found in a 2:1 ratio
polysaccharides
condensation polymers made up of thousands of monosaccharide units
racemic mixture
consists of equal amounts of both left and right optical isomers
wavelength
distance between successive peaks in a wave.
Functional Groups
distinctive arrangements of groups of atoms that impart characteristic physical and chemical properties to the molecules that contain them
disaccharide
double sugar formed by joining 2 monosaccharide units
macronutrients
fats, carbs, proteins
processed foods
foods altered from their natural states by techniques like canning, cooking, freezing, or adding chemicals
starch, cellulose
give two examples of polysaccharides
Chiral (optical) isomers
have the same chemical formula but differ in 3D molecular structure and interaction with polarized light
cholestorol
identify
estradiol
identify
steroid skeleton
identify
stearic acid
identify the condensed structural formula
stearic acid
identify the line angle drawing
alpha linkage
identify the linkage type
beta linkage
identify the linkage type
glycerol
identify the structural formula
increases; increases
in saturated fatty acids, the melting point ______ as the amount of carbon atoms _______
undernourishment
in which a person's daily caloric intake is insufficient to meet metabolic needs
Dietary supplements
include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, enzymes, herbs, and other botanicals
decrease
increasing the number of C=C bonds _____ the melting point
minerals
ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
minimum amount of energy required daily to support basic body functions
triglycerides
molecules that contain three ester functional groups
coenzymes
molecules that work in conjunction with enzymes to enhance their activity.
Isomers
molecules with the same chemical formula but different properties
freebase
nitrogen-containing molecule in which nitrogen is in possession of its lone pair of electrons
frequency
number of waves passing a fixed point in one second.
more
oils are more unsaturated than fats, so their molecules have ______ bends than fats
Organic chemistry
one of the largest subdisciplines of chemistry focused entirely on the study of carbon compounds
vitamins
organic compounds with a wide range of physiological functions
protein
polyamide or polypeptide; a polymer built from amino acid monomer
hydrogenation
process in which hydrogen gas, in the presence of a metal catalyst, adds to a C=C double bond and converts it to a single bond
enzymes
proteins that act as biochemical catalysts
Line-angle drawing
simplified version of a structural formula which represents the structure of a molecule
monosaccharide
single sugar (ex: fructose)
micronutrients
substances needed only in miniscule amounts, like vitamins and minerals, but are still essential to life
substrate
substances whose reactions are catalyzed by an enzyme
Structure-Activity relationship (SAR) study
systematic changes made to a drug molecule and assessment of the resulting changes in activity
combinatorial chemistry
systematic creation of large numbers of molecules in "libraries" that can be rapidly screened in the lab for biological activity and the potential for becoming new drugs
metabolism
the complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life
alpha;beta
the enzymes of mammals can catalyze _____ linkages but not ______ linkages
essential amino acids
those required for protein synthesis but that must be obtained from the diet because the human body can't synthesize them
trans fats
triglycerides composed of one or more trans fatty acids
oils
triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature
fats
triglycerides that are solid at room temperature
polyunsaturated (ex: linolenic acid)
used to classify a fatty acid with more than one C=C double bond per molecule
monounsaturated (ex: oleic acid)
used to classify a fatty acid with only one C=C double bond per molecule
saturated
used to describe a fatty acid if the hydrocarbon bond contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms
unsaturated
used to describe a fatty acid if the hydrocarbon chain contains one or more C=C double bonds between the carbon atoms
-OH
water-soluble compounds often contain several ________ groups that can hydrogen bond with water molecules
amino acid residues
what amino acids are called when they are incorporated into the peptide chain
raise the level of triglycerides and bad cholesterol in the blood
what do trans fats do?
C8H9NO2
what's the molecular formula for acetaminophen?
more
C=C double bonds are (more/less) reactive with oxygen than single bonds
ammonia and sulfur dioxide
CFCs were originally developed to replace which refrigerant compound(s)?
macrominerals
Ca, P, Cl, K, S, Na, Mg; necessary for life, not abundant in bodies; 1-2 g ingested daily
2 4 6
Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds have __, __, and __ shared electrons, respectively
catalyze combustion of CO with CO2 to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced
What do catalytic converters do?
25000 ppm
A particular sample of air is 2.5% water vapor. Express the concentration of water vapor in parts per million (ppm).
nonsymmetric
A polar molecule has a (symmetric, nonsymmetric) distribution of electrical charge
CO
All of these pollutants can be detected by their odors except: CO NOx O3 SOx
-18 C
Although greenhouse gases likely account for the problem of global warming, they are also responsible for making earth habitable. What would be the temperature on earth in the absence of the effects of carbon dioxide and water?
Single atoms do not have bonds, and therefore do not vibrate.
Argon, which comprises almost 1% of the atmosphere, is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2, but does not contribute to global warming. Which explanation accounts for this fact?
Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions.
Both the Clinton and G.W. Bush administrations were unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. What was their primary objection to the treaty?
interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone
Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the stratosphere and do what to destroy ozone?
I, II and III
In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? I. Aerosol Emissions II. Land Use III. Solar Irradiance
Microminerals
Fe, Cu, Zn
46.07 mol
Find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O.
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
Focused on preventing the formation of hazardous substances, stating that "pollution should be prevented and reduced at the source whenever feasible"
water vapor, nitrogen, oxygen, argon
Four pure substances that make up the majority of the atmosphere
reduce pain
Give the intended effect of an analgesic drug
reduce inflammation
Give the intended effect of an anti-inflammatory drug
reduce fever
Give the intended effect of an antipyretic drug.
HFC's
HCFCs are a temporary solution to the problem of ozone depletion and will be replaced over the next 20 years by which class of compounds?
Greater reactivity leads to decomposition at elevations below the stratospheric ozone concentration maximum.
HCFCs have been developed to replace CFCs as refrigerants. Which property of these new compounds makes them environmentally superior to CFCs?
-COOH
How are carboxylic acid groups written?
aldehyde
Identify the functional group
amide
Identify the functional group
amine
Identify the functional group
carboxylic acid
Identify the functional group
ester
Identify the functional group
ether
Identify the functional group
hydroxyl
Identify the functional group
ketone
Identify the functional group
benzene
Identify the line-angle drawing
n-butane
Identify the line-angle drawing.
Oxycodone
Identify the molecular structure
cyclohexane
Identify this line-angle drawing
isobutane
Identify this line-angle drawing
n-hexane
Identify this line-angle drawing.
troposphere
If we assume that the top of Mt. Everest is the highest land mass on earth, hikers who scale its summit are standing in what layer of the atmosphere?
Carbon Monoxide
In general, which of the following airborne materials is not likely to be affected by the filters or indoor air handling equipment? Carbon Monoxide Particulates Pollen Soot
All of the above
In their fourth and most recent report published in 2007, the vast majority of scientists agreed on several key points. Which of the following is not one of those points? Human activities (primarily the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation) are responsible for much of the recent warming. All of the above were mentioned as key points. If the rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not curtailed, our water resources, food supply, and even our health will suffer. The Earth is getting warmer.
Stratosphere
In which level of the atmosphere will you find the ozone layer?
mixture
Is air a mixture, compound, or element?
protons; neutrons
Isotopes of an element have the same number of ________, but different numbers of ________.
left
Metals are primarily found on the (right, left) hand side of the periodic table, with some exceptions.
Na2SO4(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq)
Mixing which of the following will produce a precipitation reaction (give an insoluble product)? HNO3 (aq) and Sr(OH)2(aq) LiNO3 and NaI NaOH and KBr Na2SO4(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq)
sealed in deep pools at sites where produced
Most high-level nuclear waste in the US is stored:
loss of forests, erosion of topsoil, loss of biodiversity
Name 3 issues associated with raising crops and grazing animals.
-OH
The presence of what group makes a compound an alcohol?
6.4 x 10^-6 g
The quantity 0.0000064 g expressed in scientific notation is:
870,000 g
The quantity 8.7 × 10^5 g expressed in standard decimal notation is:
30
The recommended daily requirement of calcium is 1,000 mg. Tap water in a Midwestern city contains approximately 150 mg Ca/L. A person living in the city who drinks two liters of water in one day would receive ________ percent of his/her RDA of calcium.
bent molecule with the same length of chemical bonds
The structure of ozone most closely resembles a
False! Just carbon atoms
True or false: hydrogen atoms are represented in line-angle drawings.
1. long hydrocarbon chain w/ an even number of carbon atoms 2. carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at the end of the hydrocarbon chain
What are the two important characteristics of the stearic acid molecule?
greatly expanded the number of drugs eligible for generic status
What did the Drug Price Competition and Patient Restoration Act do?
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
which act prohibited the use of marijuana as an intoxicant and regulated its medical use?
