Chemistry Midterm
Which of the following options correctly describe the interaction of a molecule with IR radiation?
The wavelengths of IR radiation absorbed depends on the structure of the molecule. IR radiation can excite both bending and stretching vibrations. IR radiation causes the bonds in a molecule to vibrate in various ways.
Exothermic examples
a mammal metabolizing food the reaction in a chemical "hot pack" for warming hands in the winter burning candles setting off fireworks
A chemical _____ (e.g., CO2) represents the elementary composition of any pure substance.
formula
Biofuels should release a lower amount of CO2 during their life cycle than fossil fuels, primarily because _____.
plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere to synthesize biofuels
The pH of rain water falling through an unpolluted atmosphere is closest to
5.4
P can hold how many electrons?
6
Which of the following options correctly describes a greenhouse gas?
A gas that absorbs and traps infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere
The main reason that water supplies are chlorinated is
to kill disease-causing organisms in the water.
What term is used to describe the intrinsic health hazard of a substance?
toxicity
CFCs are inert, nontoxic compounds.
true
which uv form has the most energy
uv-c
how to find velocity
velocity = frequency x wavelength
Which of the following options correctly describe the formation and control of pollutants produced by cars?
volatile organic compounds are connected to the formation of nitrogen dioxide catalytic converters have reduced the CO emissions from cars
VOCs or _____ are a class of air pollutant that typically originates from _____.
volatile organic compounds; cars
Which of the following are biofuels?
wood ethanol
Particulate matter with the designation PM10 includes particles with an average diameter of 10 _____ or less.
μm
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
- produced at high temperature reactions between oxygen and nitrogen gasses in engines and power plants - causes respiratory distress and irritation - produces acid rain - creates brown smog - is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans
CO (carbon monoxide)
- produced by incomplete combustion of fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and propane - sometimes called the "silent killer" this gas prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen in the blood stream - is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans
A chef tastes a soup and finds that it is too acidic. What can the chef do to make it less acidic but still the same consistency without throwing out the whole pot of soup?
Add baking soda in small amounts
Which of the following options correctly describe aerosols?
Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that remain suspended in the air. Aerosols can contribute to pollution. SO3 can combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols.
How can ice-core data provide information about changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over time?
Air bubbles trapped in the ice are analyzed to determine the CO2 content at a particular time period.
What is meant by the statement sat fat is bad?
All unsaturated fats are good
Which of the following are considered possible effects of climate change?
An increase in the incidence of insect-borne diseases Rise in sea levels Changes in freshwater distribution
Which of the following statements correctly describe bond energy?
Bond energy values are always positive. The total energy required to break apart a molecule depends on the number and type of bonds.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the primary uses of the chemical reactions of gasoline?
Catalytic cracking is used to overcome the high energy expenditure required for traditional thermal cracking. Catalytic combination converts multiple small molecules into larger molecules, and it can be used to form polymers.
Rechargeable batteries can no longer function when _____
Changes to their surfaces prevent electrons from flowing
Egg whites start out translucent and become white only after heat is added. What type of change occurs when the egg turns white?
Chemical and physical
Which of the following radicals are responsible for ozone depletion by CFCs?
Cl ClO
How to find the energy of a photon (E)
E = (hxc)/wavelength or E = h x frequency
The most electronegative element is _______.
Fluorine
Group 17 on the periodic table
Halogens
How do temperature and activation energy relate to affect a reaction?
Increasing temperature provides particles with more kinetic energy, so the activation energy is more easily overcome.
During an energy conversion, what happens to the energy that is "lost"?
It becomes kinetic energy of random motion of the surrounding molecules.
How can sustainable energy production be achieved using combustible fuel sources? Multiple choice question.
It cannot. Combustion must be supplemented by additional renewable energy sources.
Why is water a good solvent for cooking?
It has the ability to absorb significant amounts of heat before changing phase
What are the biggest advantages of natural gas as a fuel source?
It leaves no ash residue. It produces almost no sulfur oxides.
Select the allotrope of oxygen whose bonds can be broken by UVB radiation.
O3
proton
Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
structural formula
Representation of how atoms are arranged, omitting lone pairs of electrons
Lewis structure
Representation of how atoms are connected, including lone pairs of electrons
Which of the following human activities increase the levels of atmospheric CO2?
Respiration Burning fossil fuels Replacing trees with cultivated crops
Which of the following pollutants have short enough lifetimes that their concentration indoors is much lower than outdoors
SO2 O3 NO2
What is the biggest limitation in the production of petroleum products?
The amount of easily recoverable deposits
Which of the following options correctly describe the changes observed in global temperature over time?
The average global temperature of the Earth has increased over the past century. The average global temperature has increased over the same period as atmospheric CO2 levels have increased.
All of the energy we need to run our bodies comes from the food we eat. Which statement is false concerning this energy consumption?
The body converts glucose into carbon dioxide and water in one fast reaction
Rechargeable batteries are different than standard batteries because _____
Their oxidation-reduction reactions are reversible
Which type of widely used battery is not rechargeable?
Zinc-manganese alkaline
Which is an oxidation half-reaction?
Zn → Zn2+ + 2 e¯
Gasohol is ______.
a blend of gasoline and ethanol
Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in
a galvanic cell.
In general, hydrogen bonds are
about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds
Energy is required to (break/form) bonds, whereas energy is released when bonds are (broken/formed) .
break; formed
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) _________, containing compounds that pass easily into the _______ phase
carbon; gas
amorphous solid
disordered/random arrangement of constituent particles
characteristics of metals
good conductor of heat and electricity
For the main-group elements (1, 2, etc.) the number of valence electrons for an element is equal to the ______ number for the element.
group
How are chemical symbols written
if two letters the first is capitalized and the second is lower case
Exposure to UV radiation causes the concentration of melanin in the skin to ______.
increase
Introducing too many Cl atoms into a potential replacement for CFCs causes a(n) _____ in flammability and a(n) _____ in boiling point.
increase ; increase
Rank these substances in order of their abundance in the air you breathe; N2, O3, O2, Ar, CO2
least abundant to most abundant O3, CO2, Ar, O2, N2
Sustainability is correctly defined as _____.
meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same
Which of the following options correctly describe air pollutants?
particulate matter is an example of air pollutants some air pollutants are hazardous at levels well below 1 ppm
Which of the following are important parameters of a reservoir that would affect the yield of oil from the rock formation?
permeability porosity
Which of the following can get trapped in filters of heating and/or cooling systems?
pollen dust
Which of the following elements are commonly added to sand when making glass, to improve its thermal properties?
potassium boron aluminum
When coal is burned in a power plant, __________ energy is converted into electricity, a form of kinetic energy.
potential
Which noble gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke?
radon
In the octane rating system, iso-octane is assigned a rating of ______ while n-heptane has an octane rating of ______
100; 0
The danger of sunburn is greatest with the UV index is equal to ______
15
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Which of the following processes release CO2 into the atmosphere?
Combustion Respiration Decomposition
biogas
Decomposing organic matter and sewage
Which of the following sources provide information about atmospheric CO2 levels over time?
Direct atmospheric measurements Data obtained from air bubbles trapped in ice cores
Which of the following statements correctly describes the sources and environmental effects of SO2 (sulfur dioxide)?
SO2 can react with water to produce acid rain. SO2 can lead to the formation of aerosols.
Which of the following statements correctly define a solution?
Solutes may be liquids, solids, or gases. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. A solution can contain one or more solutes.
What was the role of the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), established in 1988?
The IPCC was to assess both scientific and socioeconomic data relating to climate change.
Which event corresponded with an increase in the rate of accumulation carbon dioxide in ice cores?
The Industrial Revolution
Vitamin E has many promising pharmacological benefits. Which of the following statements about vitamin E are false?
The L-form of vitamin E can cause accelerated heart rate
Which of the following options correctly describe the UV Index?
The UV Index is based on the length of time required for skin damage to occur. A UV Index color-coded yellow indicates a moderate level of UV radiation.
What is climate adaptation?
The ability of a system to adjust to climate change, in order to moderate potential damage
Which statement about ice cores is correct?
The deepest layers are the oldest layers.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the carbon cycle?
The main atmospheric form of carbon is CO2. CO2 is generated by the combustion of fossil fuels.
Which of the following options correctly describe the factors that affect air quality?
The number of people living in a region affects air quality. Weather patterns have an affect on air quality.
Match each indoor air pollutant correctly with its common source.
Tobacco smoke = Formaldehyde, benzene Paints and varnishes = VOCs Basements = Radon Ventilation systems = O3, NO2, SO2, CO
Fuels formed by natural processes such as the decomposition of prehistoric organisms are called ______ fuels.
fossil
how to find frequency/wavelength
frequency = c (speed of light)/ wavelength
Any substance that may be burned to produce heat or work is called a(n) _______.
fuel
Planck's constant
h = 6.626 x 10^-34 J*s
What is the name of the functional group in ethylene glycol?
hydroxyl group or alcohol
Whenever a substance is oxidized,
some other substance must be reduced.
Which of the following may increase the concentration of tropospheric ozone?
sunny day stagnant air
The bond energy of a C-H bond is _____.
the amount of energy consumed to break a C-H bond
A polar covalent bond is created when
two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally
Which compound is the result of ethanol metabolism in the body?
Acetaldehyde
Which gas is central to the discussion of global climate change?
CO2
The EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. Express this number as a percentage.
0.0009 %
Pollution Prevention Act
Focused on prevention of formation of hazardous substances
Which compound is the result of methanol metabolism in the body?
Formaldehyde
What is the difference between the terms global warming and climate change?
Global warming is one aspect of climate change.
Which of the following are common greenhouse gases?
H2O methane (CH4) CO2
Which two types of molecules are potential replacements for CFCs?
HFCs - hydrofluorocarbons. HCFCs - hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
Which of the following conclusions were reached by the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change)?
Human activities play an important role in climate change. The average global temperature of the Earth is increasing. The burning of fossil fuels has a major impact on climate change.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the possible effects of different hydrocarbons on an internal combustion engine?
Knocking is a violent and uncontrolled reaction inside an engine cylinder. Preignition occurs when cylinder compression alone can ignite a fuel.
What accounts for the fact that Los Angeles has more days of poor air quality than New York City despite having half its population.
LA has geography that traps the air
An ecological footprint estimates the biologically productive space required to support a particular lifestyle. Which of the following are included in this estimate?
Land Sea surface Fresh water
Which two gases make up more than 95 percent of an inhaled breath?
O2 and N2
chemical formula
Shows only types and ratios of atoms present
Batteries enable us to _____.
Store electric charge in a portable way
Which is not a consequence of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?
Water is colorless and odorless
silica
a naturally occurring substance has a well-ordered structure composed of repeating linkages between Si and O quartz is a form
Replacing halogen atoms (such as Cl) in CFCs with hydrogen results in a(n) _____.
decrease in boiling point decrease in molar mass
The risks presented by pollutants are a function of toxicity and _______ the amount of a substance encountered.
exposure
Once the production of CFCs was halted there was a dramatic decrease in the amount of stratospheric chlorine.
false
crystal solid
highly ordered arrangement of constituent particles
What type of hydrocarbon molecule burns most smoothly in an internal combustion engine?
highly-branched hydrocarbons
The body's chemical messengers, called __________, are produced in the endocrine glands.
hormones
What type of radiation is absorbed by all greenhouse gases?
infrared radiation
Electronegativity
is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond.
Which of the following is a natural source of both ozone and nitrogen oxides?
lightning
green chemistry
the design of products and processes that reduce hazardous substances.
Ice core data shows that atmospheric CO2 levels _____.
were relatively constant from the beginning of the last millennium until around 1800
Place the steps taken to reduce the depletion of the ozone layer in chronological order.
1. United Nations Environmental Programme: World Plan of Action on the Ozone Layer 2. Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer 3. Montreal Protocol 4. Complete stoppage of production of CFC's in developing nations
Rank the following structures, from lowest to highest boiling points.
1. iso-pentane 2. n-pentane 3. iso-octane 4. n-octane
The biologically productive space in Australia is estimated to be 162 million hectares. Calculate the ecological footprint of Australia in 2006 in hectares per person, when the population was estimated at 20.8 million people.
7.8
Most elements strive for a total of _____ such electrons while hydrogen strives for a total of _____.
8;2
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is __________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13.
1,000 times greater
Place the steps for the production of ethanol from corn in order,
1. corn kernels are mixed with water 2. enzymes break down starches into glucose 3. yeast fermentation converts sugars into ethanol 4. the mixture is distilled
Which type of battery is widely used to store the excess energy generated by windmill farms and solar panels?
Lead acid
how to find molarity (M)
M= moles of solute/liter of solution
Isomers have the same ___, but different ___
Molecular formula, structural formula
the most common elemental form of nitrogen is
N2
How is the octane rating of a fuel assigned?
Octane rating is the percentage of iso-octane that, mixed with n-heptane, burns with the same characteristics as the fuel.
What characterizes a free radical?
One or more unpaired electrons
Which change would be considered climate mitigation?
Using energy-efficient appliances
Which of the following species are involved in the conversion of NO to NO2 in the atmosphere?
VOCs OH- O3
Biodiesel
Vegetable oils and nut oils
The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the _________. This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.
albedo
Different forms of the same element (such as O2 and O3) are called ______. These forms differ in the way the atoms are bonded together.
allotropes
A carcinogenic compound is one that causes _____.
cancer
Organic compounds always contain the element _____.
carbon
CFCs always contain ________.
carbon fluorine chlorine
the periodic table is organized such that elements with similar _______ properties fall into vertical columns called _______
chemical; groups
The most significant step toward halting the depletion of the ozone layer was the call to stop the production of _____.
chloroflurocarbons
most elements occur in nature as
compounds
An approach to consumer goods that aims at recycling, so that the end of the life cycle of one item leads naturally into the beginning of the life cycle of another, is the ______ approach.
cradle-to-cradle
An approach to analyzing the life cycle of an item, beginning with the raw materials from which it is made to its ultimate disposal, is called the _____ approach.
cradle-to-grave
Which process is found both in wine-making and bread-making?
fermentation
An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual in a given time frame is referred to as that individual's carbon ________
footprint
characteristics of metalloids
have properties of both metals and non-metals
how is silica glass made?
heating sand to a temperature high enough to melt it and then cooling the liquid until it hardens
Which greenhouse gases were specifically targeted by the Kyoto Protocol?
hydrofluorocarbons CO2 N2O
To convert a fat or an oil into biodiesel, the compound is generally heated with an alcohol and a catalytic amount of NaOH. What change results from this process?
The triglyceride is broken into smaller pieces that evaporate more readily.
A catalyst ______.
is typically regenerated during the reaction undergoes no permanent change during a reaction
Even in very small concentrations ozone can affect _____ function in humans. Ozone also damages _____, which are essential to human life. Multiple choice question.
lung; crops
group 18 on the periodic table
noble gases
A molecule that always contains carbon and may contain hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen is called a(n)________ compound.
organic
Biofuels are energy sources that are produced from contemporary ________ matter.
organic
The process by which green plants convert sunlight into stored chemical potential energy by producing glucose and oxygen is called ______.
photosynthesis
Although HFCs are a good replacement for CFCs in terms of their physical properties and effect on the ozone layer, these compounds ______
play a role in global warming are greenhouse gases
What type of clouds are composed of tiny icy crystals formed from a small amount of water vapor present in a specific region of the atmosphere?
polar stratospheric clouds
characteristics of nonmetals
poor conductor of heat and electricity
Regions of porous rock that contain crude oil or petroleum are known as oil ______.
reservoirs
The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome is called _______ assessment.
risk
A(n) _________ pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants.
secondary
Place types of electromagnetic radiation listed below in order from shortest wavelength to longest wavelength.
shortest to longest gamma rays - x-rays - ultraviolet/visible - infrared - microwave - radio waves
nucleus
small region that contains almost all of the mass of an atom
atom
the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable independent entity
A weather station reports the ambient air temperature. What does this refer to?
the temperature of the air at the lowest level of the troposphere
When an electronic device is recycled, the metals are recovered by _____.
treatment with a strong acid
Success in business today is judged on three criteria, including profitability, fair treatment of employees, and environmental impact. This is known as the ______ bottom line.
triple
Galvanic cells are compartments that are capable of converting the energy released form spontaneous chemical reactions into electrical energy
true
Which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have sufficient energy to break covalent bonds?
ultraviolet - uv x-rays
A species that passes easily from the liquid to the vapor phase is called a(n) _____ substance.
volatile
endothermic example
water evaporating the reaction in a chemical "cold pack" for treating injuries ice melting photosynthesis
Energy conversion can never be 100% efficient because _____.
some amount of potential energy is always dissipated as heat
The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is
the minimum amount of energy required daily for your body to function.
Modern drug discovery often starts with a large library of compounds. These library studies are important because
the search may yield a number of possible framework pieces to build into a good drug.
Ozone is a dangerous secondary pollutant in our atmosphere. describe the formation of ozone.
1. Nitrogen monoxide is produced when nitrogen & oxygen are exposed to high heat. 2. At high concentrations, nitrogen monoxide will directly react with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide, but in the atmosphere, its production is more complex. 3. One complex pathway to nitrogen dioxide requires the presence of VOCs and ·OH (a free radical). 4. The energy from sunlight splits the nitrogen dioxide to oxygen and nitrogen monoxide. 5. The free oxygen atoms in turn react with oxygen to form ozone.
Place the steps for drawing a Lewis structure in the correct order.
1. count the number of outer electrons contributed by each atom 2. add the valence electrons contributed by each individual atom to determine the total number of outer electrons for the species 3. arrange the outer electrons in pairs around the contributing atoms 4. ensure that each atom has a full shell
Which of the following statements correctly describe a photon?
A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon.
Which of the following options correctly defines a secondary pollutant?
A secondary pollutant is a pollutant produced from one or more other pollutants.
Which of the following options correctly describe variations in solar irradiance and its effect on Earth's climate?
Changes in the Earth's orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth. Seasonal variations in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly.
Which of the following are examples of an adaptive climate method?
Constructing new coastline defense systems Developing new crop varieties
ethanol
Corn or cellulose (eg. switch grass, wood, cornstalks)
Which of the following is an additive commonly added to produce oxygenated gasolines?
Ethanol
Which type of battery is best for use in heart (cardiac) pacemakers?
Lithium-iodine
Which compound reacts with ozone, reducing the ozone concentrations along congested highways?
NO
Which of the following is a common ingredient in mineral-based sunblock formulations?
TiO2
Which functional group contains a nitrogen atom?
amine
Carbon reservoirs _______.
exchange forms of carbon with each other usually contain carbon in the form of one of its compounds
Which of the following has the greatest impact on global warming?
Levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases
The ability to do work or produce change is called ______.
energy
Risk assessment involves _____.
evaluating scientific data and making predictions about an outcome
The Maillard reaction occurs at high temperature and is a chemical reaction between functional groups found in proteins and amino acids.
false
Place types of electromagnetic radiation listed below in order from lowest energy to highest energy.
gamma rays - x-rays - uv/visible - infrared - microwave - radio waves
Which of the following are advantages of oxygenated fuels?
They produce less CO than traditional gasoline. They enhance the octane rating of the gasoline.
Which of the following fuels should release a net lower amount of CO2 than fossil fuels?
biodiesel
Blood is a water-based liquid in which solids (blood cells and platelets) are suspended. Classify blood as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture.
heterogeneous mixture
Small changes in the average global temperatures are expected to have a(n) _______ impact on our climate.
huge
n order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, the energy of the IR radiation must _____.
match one of the vibrational energy modes of the molecule
solid compounds of metals found in rocks
minerals
Any action undertaken with the purpose of permanently eliminating or reducing the long-term risks and hazards of climate change is called climate _______.
mitigating
Place the chemical steps involved in ozone production in the correct order.
1. nitrogen dioxide is exposed to sunlight 2. nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom are produced 3. an oxygen atom reacts with an oxygen molecule 4. ozone is produced
neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
What is a catalyst?
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction
Fats are _____ at room temperature, whereas oils are _____ under the same conditions.
solids ; liquids
The component that is the most abundant in a solution is called the ________ whereas any dissolved substance is called a _______
solvent; solute
Managing human consumption of natural resources so that these resources are not exhausted is called _____.
sustainability
In business, the "Green Zone" represents _____.
the conditions under which a business is successful economically, in its community, and in its impact on the environment
Which of the following pollutants are generally produced by the majority of cars?
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides
how to find grams of a compound from mol
ex. 1 mol of H2O = 2 mol of H + 1 mol of O H = (2mol x 1g/1mol) O = (1mol x 16g/1mol) 1 mol H2O = 2g H + 16g O 1mol H2O = 18g H2O
Classify zinc as a macromineral, micromineral, or trace mineral.
micromineral
What are the three components of the "triple bottom line" in business today?
Environmental protection Profitability Fairness to workers
U.S Clean Air Act
Established air quality standards; focused on limiting exposure to hazardous substances
Which of the following options correctly differentiate between weather and climate?
The term "weather" refers to events that have a relatively short duration. Weather includes daily variations in temperature and rainfall at a single location. The term "climate" refers to regional trends in temperatures, rainfall, etc.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the consequences of halting the production of CFCs?
There has been a slow decrease in the concentration of stratospheric chlorine since the halt in production of CFCs.
Which of the following describe the purpose of the Kyoto Protocol?
To set targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions for participating countries To set legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions
A Christmas tree is a type of valve system used for oil recovery from reservoirs.
True
We use many types of batteries in our everyday lives. Match the type of galvanic cell with its most common usage and state if the cell is rechargeable.
alkaline - not rechargeable, small appliances, flashlights, and some small electronics lithium-iodine - not rechargeable, pacemakers lithium-ion - rechargeable, laptop computers, phones, digital music players, power tools lead-acid - rechargeable, automobile batteries nickle-cadmium - rechargeable, portable electronic devices such as toys, digital cameras and power tools nickle-metal-hydride - rechargeable, hybrid vehicle batteries, replacing Ni-Cd batteries in many applications mercury - not rechargeable, once used widely in cameras, watches, hearing aids
In order to be a greenhouse gas, a molecule must _____.
be composed of three or more different atoms. undergo a change in overall charge distribution during vibration
Ozone is able to act as a greenhouse gas because its _____ shape allows it to vibrate in ways that involve _____ in overall charge distribution.
bent; change
Enzymes are
biochemical catalysts that influence the rate of chemical reactions.
Both Venus and Earth have higher average surface temperatures than expected because _____.
both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation
Which of the following factors affect the level of exposure to a toxic substance?
Length of time exposed to pollutant Rate of breathing Concentration of the pollutant in the air
Chemistry is the study of
matter and its composition the changes of matter the properties of substances
Oxidation and reduction are processes through which __________
Substances lose and gain electrons
What are the environmental challenges to extracting metals from recycled electronic devices?
The solvents used to remove the plastics are not generally environmentally friendly. Groundwater could be contaminated with heavy metals. Contaminated groundwater could contribute to an increase of cancers in surrounding communities
The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the _____ effect. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be _____ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun.
greenhouse ; higher
Molecules
independent structure consisting of two or more atoms chemically bonded together
On average, the concentration of ozone _____ as one gets closer to either pole, with the exception being the seasonal ozone hole over the _____.
increases ; Antarctic
Direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in Hawaii show that since 1960 _____.
the CO2 levels in a given year fluctuate depending on the time of year the annual average CO2 levels have increased steadily
In an electrochemical cell, the anode is
the electrode at which oxidation takes place
Activation energy is best described as _____.
the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
describe the forms in which elements exist in nature
many metals exist as compounds of oxygen, or oxides nonmetals such as oxygen and nitrogen may occur either in their elemental form or in the form of compounds
Air is a _____
mixture
Which of the following are examples of fossil fuels?
natural gas coal petroleum
Sunspots typically occur about every _____.
11 years
Catalytic converters reduce the amount of _____ in car exhaust.
CO
electrons
Negatively charged particles
O3 (ozone)
- produced as a secondary pollutant by the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sunlight and oxygen - causes respiratory irritation and distress - beneficial in the upper atmosphere but harmful in the lower atmosphere - is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans
SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
- produced from the burning of sulfur containing fuels such as coal - causes respiratory irritation and distress - produces acid rain - is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans
Which of the following statements correctly describe the general characteristics of a covalent bond?
A covalent bond involves the attraction between the nucleus of each atom and the electrons of the other. Electrons in a covalent bond are common property to both atoms that make up the bond. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Arrange the first ten energy sublevels by increasing energy.
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d
S can hold how many electrons?
2
compounds
2 or more elements chemically combined
In which of the years below was there the largest overabundance of oil, in which the production exceeded consumption?
2015
c(speed of light)
3.00 x 10^8 m/s
In the combustion of methane, how many O-H bonds are formed?
4
The pH of lemon juice is approximately 2.40. At this pH, the hydronium ion concentration is closest to which concentration?
4.0 × 10−3 M
How much more energy per gram does petroleum combustion yield relative to coal?
40-60%
Based on the energy diagram given, what happens when hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water vapor?
483.6 kJ of heat are released for every mole of O2 that reacts.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) describes the quality of air with a scale ranging from 1 to _____. The number _____ represents the national standard for the pollutant(s) being measured.
500;100
Match each ecological footprint with the correct value, according to estimates made in 2011.
6.8 = average ecological footprint in the United States 2.7 = average ecological footprint in the world 1.7 = maximum sustainable ecological footprint on Earth
What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following options correctly describe the greenhouse effect?
Atmospheric gases on Earth trap about 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet. The greenhouse effect is a natural process. The greenhouse effect causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun
Which reaction accounts for the fact that the pH of rain is naturally slightly acidic?
CO2 + H2O → H+ + HCO3−
Which of the following options correctly explain how carbon-14 levels can provide information about the source of atmospheric CO2?
CO2 produced by burning of fossil fuels contains virtually no carbon-14. CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels causes the carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere to decrease.
Calcium is one of several macrominerals necessary for life. Identify the chemical symbol for the ionic form of calcium that is present in your body.
Ca2+
Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
Which of the following options correctly describe ozone exposure and its effects?
Ozone reacts with the rubber on car tires. Ozone reduces lung function.
Which of the "Big Six" polymers would most likely be used to make packaging "peanuts"?
PS
Which of the following options correctly describe common air pollutants?
SO2 may be produced when coal is burned carbon monoxide may be produced by charcoal grills or propane camping stoves nitrogen dioxide can combine with moisture in the atmosphere to produce acid rain
Why are many drugs administered as salts rather than as the corresponding neutral compounds?
Salts have greater water solubility and stability than the neutral compound
Match each air pollutant to the correct description.
Sulfur dioxide = sharp, unpleasant odor; produced by burning coal Carbon monoxide = colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the "silent killer" Ozone = sharp odor; a pollutant in the immediate atmosphere but essential at high altitudes Nitrogen dioxide = characteristic brown color; emitted from car engines Particulate matter = classified by size rather than composition
Which of the following options explain why the term "global warming" is considered inaccurate by some scientists?
The effects of global warming vary across the globe. The term "global warming" could be thought to describe a benign influence.
Why can the lead-acid batteries used in cars generate electricity for several years before running down?
The mechanical motion of the engine drives an alternator that generates electricity to recharge the battery
Ceviche is cooked using an acid. Which statement describes what happens to the protein when the acid is added?
The protein is denatured
What is the most common effect of increasing temperature on a chemical reaction?
The reaction rate will increase.
