Chemistry U9 Test

The rules for naming alkynes are the same as the rules for naming alkenes, except that the prefix _____ is added to the root.

-yne

Using the general formula, what would be the number of hydrogen atoms for an alkene with 5 carbon atoms?

10

Using the general formula, what would be the number of hydrogen atoms for an alkene with 4 carbon atoms?

8

________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group bonded to a hydrogen atom is substituted for a carbon group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain.

Aldehyde

__________ is an addition reaction in which two halogen atoms are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alkyl halide containing two halogens.

Halogeneration

____________ is an addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alcohol molecule.

Hydration

____________ is an addition reaction in which hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to increase its saturation.

Hydrogenation

______________ is an addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom from a hydrogen halide are added to an unsaturated organic molecule to produce a saturated alkyl halide.

Hydrohalogenation

Which is NOT one of the reasons that carbon forms so many compounds?

Ionic bonding

A structural ____________ is one of several isomers in which the atoms of each molecule are arranged in a different structural order.

Isomer

A(n)____________ is one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations.

Isomer

_______ is the relationship between two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations. In other words, two compounds may have the same number and type of atoms, but the atoms may be arranged differently.

Isomeritism

________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group is substituted for a carbon group in the middle of a hydrocarbon chain.

Ketone

These are all addition polymers:

LDPE, PEX, PS, PVC, HDPE, PP

The following is the first procedure in naming branched-chain hydrocarbons.

Locate the parent chain (longest continuous chain of carbon atoms) and number the carbon atoms.

A(n) __________ polymer is a polymer that is produced by addition reactions between monomers so that covalent bonds are rearranged without the loss of atoms.

addition

A(n) ___________ reaction is an organic chemical reaction in which two parts of a molecule are added to an unsaturated molecule to increase the saturation of that molecule.

addition

Hydrogenation, hydration, halogenation, and hydrohalogenation are all examples of __________ reactions.

addition

To increase the saturation of an organic molecule, a(n) __________ reaction will cause multiple bonds to convert to single bonds.

addition

Name the organic compound with the general formula R-OH?

alchohol

A class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more hydroxyl functional groups are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon is ___________.

alcohol

Ethers are more volatile and have lower boiling points than __________.

alcohols

An alkene with two double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds is called a(n) ___________.

alkadiene

A saturated hydrocarbon that uses only single covalent bonding is called a(n) ______.

alkane

An alkene with three double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds is called a(n) ___________.

alkatriene

A(n) __________ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.

alkene

A substituent group that consists of an alkane molecule from which one hydrogen atom has been removed is called a(n) ___________ group.

alkyl

Name the organic compound with the general formula: R—X

alkyl halide

What is the organic compound with the general formula R—X?

alkyl halide

A(n) _____________ is different from an alkene because it contains one or more triple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.

alkyne

A(n) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.

alkyne

A(n) _________ functional group is a substituent group, consisting of a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms, which gives amines their chemical and physical properties. Amines are formed when one hydrogen atom of an ammonia molecule is replaced with a hydrocarbon.

amino

Amines are very important to biochemistry, since they form such vital compounds as _______ acids.

amino

A(n) _______________ hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use only single covalent bonds and each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms.

saturated

A(n) ___________ alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches and which includes at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond.

straight-chain

A(n) ____________________ alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches.

straight-chain

An atom or groups that replaces a hydrogen atom or carbon group in an organic compound is called a(n) ___________ group.

substituent

Organic compounds that consist of hydrocarbons to which one or more functional groups have been substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms or carbon groups are called _________________ hydrocarbons.

substituted

A(n) __________ reaction is an organic chemical reaction in which an atom or carbon group in a molecule of one organic compound is replaced with another atom or functional group to create a new compound.

substitution

Because of its ______, carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms.

valence electrons

Ether is a class of organic compounds formed when two alkyl groups are joined together by a(n) _______ functional group (oxygen atom).

Ether

The German chemist, __________, disproved the thought that all organic compounds could be produced only by living organisms.

Friedrich Wöhler

Carbon may be in isomeric compounds that have the same ___________ formula but different __________ formulas or spatial orientations.

chemical; structural

If both carbon groups of an alkene are oriented on the same side of a double bond, they are ____ isomers.

cis

A(n) ______________ isomer is one of a pair of isomers in which the atoms of the two molecules are arranged in the same order but with different spatial orientations.

cis-trans

The two types of isomers are:

cis-trans; structural

A condensation polymer is a polymer that is produced by __________ reactions that link monomers together and release small molecules, such as water, as by-products.

condensation

A(n) __________ reaction is an organic reaction in which two molecules or parts of molecules are combined.

condensation

A(n) ____________________ is a saturated hydrocarbon with a cyclic molecular structure.

cycloalkane

A(n) _____________ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that has a cyclic molecular structure and at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond.

cycloalkene

Electrons that divide their time evenly among all the carbon atoms of a benzene molecule are said to be ________.

delocalized

The functional group of an alkyl halide is a(n) ____________ atom.

halogen

The type of covalent bonding between carbon atoms in an aromatic hydrocarbon is called ____ bonding.

resonance

Carbon forms covalent bonds with many elements but based on the information in the lesson, it probably would NOT easily bond with:

cesium

Properties of alkanes

Alkanes with small molecules have very weak London dispersion forces between them and are flammable gases at room temperature; Large molecules have the greatest London dispersion forces and are flammable solids; Alkanes have low melting points and high boiling points; Most alkanes have low reactivity.

_____ halide is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more halogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon.

Alkyl

_________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more amino functional groups are substituted for one or more carbon groups in a hydrocarbon chain.

Amine

_____________ hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain 6-sided resonance structures called benzene rings.

Aromatic

____________ acid is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more carboxyl functional groups are substituted for one or more carbon groups in a hydrocarbon chain.

Carboxylic

_________ of carbon atoms will cause alkenes to be oriented in a linear arrangement, even though a double bond is involved.

Catenation

​​​​_________ is the bonding together of atoms of the same element to form covalently bonded chains or rings.

Catenation

What is the general formula that shows the mathematical relationship between atoms in a straight-chain alkene?

CnH2n

What is the general formula for a straight-chain alkyne?

CnH2n-2

Facts about cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes can form branched structures; A cyclopentane molecule has a pentagon shape; Cycloalkanes are ring-shaped molecules; A cycloalkane molecule has 3 less hydrogen atoms because it has no ends for the hydrogen atoms to bond with; Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points and higher melting points, as well as higher densities, because their London dispersion forces are weaker than the intermolecular forces in their corresponding straight-chained alkanes.

Which is NOT a good way to reduce polymer waste?

Dispose of polymers directly into landfills; Find polymers that can substitute for our biodegradable natural materials.

__________ is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which a carbonyl functional group bonded to an oxygen atom joins two alkyl groups.

Ester

A(n) ____________ formula, like a chemical formula, is a symbolic representation of a chemical compound that uses element symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of each element or group of elements in a chemical compound. However, a molecular formula also indicates the arrangement of atoms, especially substituent groups, in a molecule.

Molecular

Some of the condensation polymers are:

PET, Nylon

_____________ is the process of linking monomers together to form a polymer.

Polymerization

Which is a good way to reduce polymer waste?

Recycle household plastic into useful products; Cut down on the amount of polymers we use; Develop biodegradable polymers that decompose into their component elements.

Alkenes have relatively low melting points and ________ points.

boiling

A ____________________ alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon with one or more substituent groups that branch off from the straight chain.

branched-chain

Catenation allows carbon atoms to form three types of organic molecular structures, including _______________ structures, _____________ structures, and _____________ structures, or cyclic structures.

branched-chain; straight-chain; ring

A(n) _____________ alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with one or more double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds and one or more substituent groups that branch off from the parent chain.

branched-chained

A(n) _____________ is a product made as a result of making another product.

by-product

Both condensation and elimination reactions produce a(n) ____________ in the form of a small molecule such as water.

by-product

All organic compounds contain the element ___________.

carbon

The general formula CnH2n+2, allows us to find the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane given the number of _________ atoms.

carbon

There are three groups that contain carbon but are not organic compounds:

carbon oxides; carbides; carbonates

A(n) ________ functional group is a substituent group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom with a double covalent bond, which gives the chemical and physical properties to aldehydes, esters, ketones, and other substituted hydrocarbons.

carbonyl

The difference between an aldehyde and a ketone is the location of the ____ group.

carbonyl

A(n) __________ functional group is a substituent group consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom that has been replaced with a hydroxyl group (-OH), which gives carboxylic acids their chemical and physical properties.

carboxyl

Because of their ____ bonds, alkenes are slightly more reactive than alkanes.

double

Both chemical and molecular formulas use element symbols and, subscripts to indicate the number of each element or group of elements in a chemical compound. However, a molecular formula also indicates the arrangement of atoms, especially _____________ groups, in a molecule.

element; subscripts; substituent

A(n) ___________ reaction can be used to turn a nonreactive saturated molecule into a more reactive unsaturated organic molecule.

elimination

A(n) ____________ reaction is an organic reaction in which atoms or functional groups are removed from adjacent carbon groups of a molecule, and which results in the production of a small molecule, such as water.

elimination

Dehydrogenation, dehydration, and dehalogenation are all examples of __________ reactions.

elimination

What is the organic compound with the general formula R-O-R?

ether

A(n) ___________ group is a substituent group that defines the physical and chemical properties of an organic compound.

functional

An ether ____________ group is a substituent group consisting of an oxygen atom, which gives an ether its chemical and physical properties.

functional

Cis-trans isomers are also called _____ isomers because their isomerism is based on the spatial orientations of the atoms in the molecule.

geometric

A class of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms is called a(n) ____________.

hydrocarbon

A saturated hydrocarbon contains the maximum number of ___________ molecules that a molecule with that number of carbon atoms can hold.

hydrogen

The hydroxyl group of an alcohol forms ____________ bonds with water molecules, which is why ethanol and water are completely miscible (one dissolves in the other in any proportion).

hydrogen

A(n) ____________ functional group is a substituent group, consisting of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom, which provides the chemical and physical properties for alcohols.

hydroxyl

Alcohol is a class of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbon molecules in which one or more __________ functional groups are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon.

hydroxyl

Alkenes can be _____, ______, or gases, depending on the size of the molecule.

liquids; solids

Each of the individual repeating units that make up a polymer is a

monomer

Alkenes are ___________, so they do not dissolve in water.

nonpolar

Which of the following are organic compounds?

oil, carbohydrates, DNA

Cis is Latin for ____________ while trans means

on the same side; on the other side

Simple alkenes contain ________ double covalent bond.

one

The branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds is called __________ chemistry.

organic

The _____________ is the straight chain of a branched-chain hydrocarbon molecule.

parent chain

A _________ is a large molecule made of many smaller units joined together by addition or condensation reactions.

polymer

Some ways to reduce the amount of polymer waste can be:

recycle household plastics into useful products; develop cheap biodegradable polymers that decompose into their component elements; cut down on the amount of polymers we use

Facts about alkenes

the position of the double covalent bond in alkenes is used in naming those with four or more carbon atoms; if a double covalent bond is between the fourth and the fifth carbon atoms in an alkene, the position designation will be four

When one carbon group is oriented above the double bond and the other one is oriented below an alkene's double bond, it is a(n) _________ isomer.

trans

A hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use multiple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds or resonant bonding, as well as single covalent bonds is a(n) ___________ hydrocarbon.

unsaturated

A hydrocarbon molecule is ____ if it contains less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms that a molecule with that many carbon atoms could hold.

unsaturated

Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are __________ because some of their carbon atoms are bonded to less than four other atoms.

unsaturated

Saturated hydrocarbons include only one series of compounds called alkanes, but _____________ hydrocarbons contain compounds like alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

unsaturated

In his lab, Friedrich Wöhler accidentally synthesized _________, which is produced in the human body.

urea