Child Development Quiz 7

John Bowlby advocated which of the following explanations of human mother-infant attachment?

Behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage mothers to interact with their infants.

Two-year-old Jonathan is a difficult child. His parents respond with positive interactions, maintain close involvement with him, and work to establish a stable home environment. What outcome could be predicted for Jonathan?

His difficult behavior will decrease with age

In Strange Situation, baby Mitchell uses his mother as secure base from which to explore. He cries when she leaves and crawls quickly to her for comfort when she returns. Mitchel would be classified as showing__________attachment.

Secure

______promote(s) the development of self-conscious emotions

adult evaluations of one's behavior

Rachel's mother can't make plans to go out because she never knows when Rachel will want to eat or sleep. Besides, Rachel cries a lot and won't stay with a sitter. According to Thomas and Chess's temperament types, Rachel would probably be classified as a(n)___________child.

difficult

In the Thomas and Chess model for classifying children's temperaments, the most frequently observed category was the________ child.

easy

The______ explains how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes.

goodness-of-fit-model

IN Bowlby's ethological view of attachment, children use their experiences during the first 2 years to form a(n)

internal working model of what close relationships are like.

Stranger anxiety is MOST likely to be elicited when an unfamiliar adult

picks up a baby in a new setting

social referencing

relying on another person's emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situations

self-conscious emotions differ from basic emotions in that self-conscious emotions

require socialization experiences in order to develop

______ are examples of self-conscious emotions

shame and embarrassment

Marcus in inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Marcus would most likely classified as

slow-to-warm-up

_____ refers to stable individual difference in the quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention, and emotion self-regulation.

temperament

In Erikson's theory, _________ determines a healthy versus unhealthy outcome of infancy.

the quality of the caregiver's behavior

Research suggests that babies raised in institution often display emotional and social difficulties because

they are prevented from forming a bond with one or a few adults

According to Erikson's theory, a mother who sympathetic and loving is fostering her baby's sense:

trust