Child Psy Ch6
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to about 2 years Children learn about their senses and how to move and manipulate objects Circular Reactions
What is the correct order of the following stages of language development?
cooing, babbling, first word, telegraphic speech
Twenty-month-old Saniya watches her father stir soup in a pot. The next day, Saniya uses her play kitchen to do the same. Saniya is demonstrating _____ imitation.
deferred
Implicit memory:
develops rapidly during infancy.
Memories are particularly evident when
experimental conditions are similar to real life • motivation is high • retrieval is strengthened by reminders and repetition
According to Chomsky, the part of language that is most likely to be biological is:
grammar
people prefference
Universal principle of infant perception; tied to evolution
n French, adjectives follow the nouns they modify rather than preceding them as they do in English. This is an aspect of the _____ of French.
grammar
Cries, movements, and facial expressions are examples of:
reflexive communication.
naming explosion
a sudden increase in an infants vocabulary especially in the number of nouns, that begins about 18 months of age.
The American Association of Pediatricians suggests no screen time (including commercial videos) for children under the age of
age 2
Grammar
all the methods- word order, verb form, etc, that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.
babbling
an infants repetition of certain syllables, such as ba ba ba that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old.
In addition to its words, a language may communicate meaning through word order and verb forms. These are part of the language's _____.
grammar
Subsequent experiments on the concept of object permanence were inconsistent with Jean Piaget's conclusions because they demonstrated that infants:
have some understanding of object permanence as early as 2 or 3 months of age.
Sammie is celebrating his first birthday today. He can say numerous words like "da-da," "kitty," and "fish." Noam Chomsky would say that Sammie is able to do this effortlessly because:
he is equipped with a language acquisition device.
Juan is 15 months old and calls his teddy bear his "bibi." This is an example of a:
holophrase.
universal grammar.
there is an assumption that all languages have a common, essential structural basis and set of rules and that children are born with an innate propensity for language acquisition.This inborn ability to grasp the rules of language
develops rapidly during infancy.
two
Meaningful sounds, such as cooing, fussing, and laughing, can be observed in infants beginning at:
two months of age
Telegraphic speech
two or three word utterances
Janell is 12 months old. If she is a typical baby, her parents can expect her to be able at MOST to:
understand and speak some simple words
Substage 3 Secondary Circular Reactions
• 4 to 8 months • Secondary Circular Reactions - repeating chance behaviors involving people and objects that are pleasurable events • Infants attempt to produce exciting experiences, making interesting events last • Rattles make noise
holophrase
a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
Semantic Development
First Word - around 10-14 months Types of First Words • Nominals (labels for objects, people or events) • Action • Social-Personal (i.e., please, bye) Holophrase - single word that expresses a complete, meaningful thought Cultural differences in semantic development
Social Pragmatic Approach
Social reason for language: communication Infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings, and are dependent on one another for survival and joy
Imitation
- observe someone else's behavior and then perform that behavior
Substage 2: First Acquired Adaptations
1 to 4 months • Primary Circular Reactions - repeating chance behaviors that involve the infant's own body that are pleasurable events
An infant who can imitate what she has seen a YouTuber do after the video clip has ended is probably _____ months of age or older.
12 months
Substage 5: New Means Through Active Experimentation
12 to 18 months • Tertiary Circular Reactions - child varies their responses to see their effect on the world • Active exploration and experimentation • Conduct novel schemes
Children begin to use two-word combinations between about _____ months.
18 and 24
Substage 6: Internalization of Schemes
18 to 24 months • Can make mental representations of schemes, objects, and events • Can solve problems mentally, by thinking rather than by trial and error • Deferred Imitation - an infant first perceives something that someone else does and performs the same action at a later time
Although basic sensory and caregiver memories are apparent in the first month of life, more complex memories do not become apparent until an infant is about _____ months of age.
9 months
secondary intersubjectivity:
A form of interaction between infant and caregiver emerging at about 9‐12 months that is characterized by communication and emotional sharing focused not just on the interaction but on the world beyond. For example, the child may relate to another person by watching that person and then checking to see if they are looking at the same thing.
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to about 2 years Children learn about their senses and how to move and manipulate objects
Development of Speech Sounds
Cooing • 2 months Babbling extended repetition of certain syllables • 6 to 9 months • ba-ba-ba, da-da-da • twin boys Phonological Development
Visual cliff
Experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another • Infant performance depends on past experience, including social context MA
Dynamic perception:
Focus on movement and change • People • People preference: Universal principle of infant
Explicit Memories
Memories that can be retrieved on demand • Person has conscious awareness of these memories
Child Directed Speech Why do it?
Gets infants' attention Infants prefer it Easier for infants to hear Helps infants learn the language
Infantile Amnesia
Infants and toddlers do not encode information verbally, whereas older children and adults do • Infants are less likely to explicitly store memories • Infants have yet to develop a sense of self
Learning Theory Approach
Language is a learned skill - children need to be taught • Language becomes similar to adult speech through shaping • Has trouble explaining how children learn grammar
Information Processing
Modeled on computer functioning Involves incremental details and step-bystep description of the mechanisms of thought Adds insight to understanding of cognition at every age
Language Development
Naming explosion Telegraphic speech - two or three word utterances Around age 1 ½ - 2 ½ years old Knowledge of grammar rules
Epigenetic Approach
Noam Chomsky Language is an innate skill Universal grammar - all human languages share similar underlying structure Language-Acquisition Device (LAD) - the hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language • Includes basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation
grammatical morphemes:
Parts of words or tags or markers added to a word that can add to or change its meaning. For example, add the grammatical morpheme "s" to the noun "cat" and you have changed it to the plural noun "cats."
is the mental processing of information that arrives at the brain from the sensory organs.
Perception
affordances (Gibson and Gibson)
Perception requires selectivity • Affordances provide an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment
Memory
Processing and remembering events requires a certain amount of experience and brain maturation
primary intersubjectivity:
Reciprocal interaction between an infant and caregiver in which each partner focuses on the emotional expressions of the other.
syllable babbling:
Repetitions of syllables in infancy, such as "ba‐ba‐ba‐ba," "da‐da‐da‐da," "dee‐dee‐dee," or "ma‐ma‐ma."
Affordances
Selection of which affordance is perceived and acted upon is related to four factors • Sensory awareness • Immediate motivation • Current development • Past experience
telegraphic speech:
Speech that contains only the major words (nouns, verbs) and not the smaller grammatical elements (grammatical morphemes); typically seen in infancy beginning around 18 months.
Jolanda holds a bottle to her 3-month-old infant's mouth, and the baby reaches out to grab the bottle. Jolanda's baby appears to be in stage _____ of sensorimotor intelligence. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Stage two
phoneme discrimination:
The ability to notice the smallest unit of sound of a language that can signal a change in word meaning (such as bat versus cat). This skill is one of the building blocks of learning language.
gibberish babbling:
The repetition of syllables with variations, such as "da‐dee" or "neh‐nee."
Implicit Memories
Unconscious memories • Procedural memories, conditioned memories, emotional memories and perception/sensationbased memories
All babies are attracted to two kinds of affordances
Things that move People
A hypothesized mental structure enabling infants to learn grammar, vocabulary, and intonation is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
a language acquisition device. C
deferred imitation
a sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later.
Four-month-old Stannard is starting to say things like "goo-goo-goo" and "da-da-da-da." Stannard's utterances BEST exemplify _____.
babble.
Ian is 7 months old. If he is a typical baby, his parents can expect him to be able to:
babble.
Infants begin learning language: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
before birth.
Substage 1: Simple Reflexes
birth to first month stage of reflexes
B. F. Skinner, who theorized that language is acquired through principles of
conditioning, including association, imitation, and reinforcement
Because adults remember little before the age of 3, people have long thought that children younger than 3 remember little, if anything—a phenomenon called _____.
infant amnesia
broader definition of nurture
influences from childhood friends, early experiences with media of all types, and even incidents in the womb
A game in which a father hides his face and then reveals it while saying "peek-a-boo" is fun for an 8-month-old because of the child's emerging sense of _____ permanence.
object
The awareness that objects or people continue to exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard is called:
object permanence.
When the vocabulary spurt begins at around 18 months, the infant's rate of learning new words is about:
one word every two hours.
At around six months of age, infants begin to babble in syllables. Their interactive routines with caregivers are characterized by:
secondary intersubjectivity.
Which choice pairs a type of circular reaction with an appropriate description, according to Piaget's theory?
primary circular reactions - responses to one's own body
Habituation
process of getting used to (bored with) an object or event through repeated exposure • This allows the infant to attend to new, novel objects and learn about them
Habituation -
process of getting used to (bored with) an object or event through repeated exposure • This allows the infant to attend to new, novel objects and learn about them
• Object Permanence
realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard • Search for a hidden object
Any perceptual experience that helps people recollect an idea, a thing, or an event is known as a _____ session.
reminder session.
Using habituation as a research strategy involves
repeating one stimulus until a baby loses interest, and then presenting a different stimulus
Shoshanna is 4 months of age. With respect to memory, Shoshanna MOST likely has:
sensory and caregiver memories, as well as motor memories, but not more complex types of memory.
child directed speech
the high pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children ( baby talk)
Substage 4: New Adaptation and Anticipation
• 8 to 12 months • Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions • Infants able to coordinate their schemes (have a goal) • Object Permanence - realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard • Search for a hidden object
