Child Psych: Exam 2: Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Amita is a preschooler. When asked to describe herself, she replies, "I am a baby girl." Which term describes Amita's understanding of her sense of self?
Categorical self
By the age of 4, preschool children begin to make evaluative judgments about themselves in which of the following areas?
Cognitive competence
Isabella and Sofia are playing outside after a recent snowstorm. They work together to build a snow fort. Which type of play are they engaging in?
Cooperative
Gabriel is 11 months and frequently repeats syllables, such as "ah-bah-bah-bah-bah." Which term describes this event in language development?
Echolalia
The "three-mountains test" was used by Piaget to demonstrate which aspect of the preoperational stage of development?
Egocentrism
How many minor illnesses can American parents expect their children between the ages of 1 and 3 years old to have each year?
Eight to nine
Gregory believes that children's ability to understand and produce language develops from simpler processes that are biological, cognitive, and social in nature. Gregory would subscribe to which theory of language development?
Emergentist theory
Children have the ability to rapidly learn a new word by connecting it with a general understanding of the concept. Which term characterizes this process?
Fast-mapping
What has research on humans and rats concluded with regard to how females and males utilize the hippocampus during tasks of navigating mazes?
Females utilize the hippocampus in the right hemisphere, whereas males utilize the hippocampus in both hemispheres.
Which type of play did Piaget consider to be the most cognitively complex?
Formal
Which term best describes the changes to infants' behavior during the sensorimotor stage, which reveals an awareness of past events?
Goal directed
As a result of her frequent nightmares, Anita fears going to sleep and refuses to change into her pajamas or turn off the lights in her bedroom. Which of the following should her father do to help her establish healthy sleep?
He should be understanding but establish a regular routine so that Anita goes to bed at the same time each evening.
According to research by Molfese and colleagues (1997), what was the single most important predictor of IQ scores among children aged 3-8?
Home environment
What can Jayson's parents expect him to be able to do at about 2 years of age?
Hop on one foot for two hops.
Rochelle is out shopping with her eight-month-old son when another woman starts arguing with her about holding up the line. How is Rochelle's son likely to respond to the stranger's behavior?
If his mother responds negatively, he is likely to respond less positively than he otherwise would have
Research supports which of the following differences among the behavior of infant girls and boys?
Infant girls tend to show more rapid development of motor behavior
Numerous studies have examined the relationship between either infant visual recognition memory or infant preference for novel stimulation and later IQ scores. In general, what do these studies conclude?
Infant visual recognition memory has good predictive validity for broad cognitive abilities throughout childhood.
Preschool children continue to develop a sense of themselves. They are trying new things and testing themselves, such as choosing the role they will play in a game of pretend. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage are they in?
Initiative versus guilt
Elisabetta wants to encourage her young son Emilio to eat vegetables such as mustard greens and brussels sprouts. What is the best way for her to do this?
She should encourage Emilio to taste small bites of the food many times within a period of a few weeks.
Azalea's maternity leave is ending, and she will need to place her 3-month old daughter Sofia in a high-quality day care. Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning how day care will likely affect Sofia?
Sofia will become more independent, self-confident, and affectionate
Three-year-old Tia has started to wet the bed. During which sleep stage is Tia most likely in when she wets the bed?
Stage 3 and 4
Thandi is a 10-month old baby. When her mother left her with a new, unfamiliar caregiver she became anxious and fearful. What is Thandi experiencing?
Stranger anxiety
Yasmeen tries several ways of getting an object out of a closed box before she is successful. What is she demonstrating?
Tertiary circular reactions
Research on the organization of the brain and gender typing supports which of the following statements?
The left and right hemispheres of males may be more specialized than those of females.
What currently available treatments are most effective for individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
The most effective treatment programs use behavior modification, focusing on individualized instruction to correct behavioral, educational, and communication deficits.
Which statement below best defines gender identity?
The sense of being male, female, a blend of both, or neither
In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, to what does scaffolding refer?
The temporary support and guidance provided by a parent to a child who is learning a new task
The case of Simon, who had been exposed to only grammatically incorrect American Sign Language (ASL) by his parents and their friends, and yet was able to sign in ASL with correct grammar, best supports which view?
The tendency to acquire language is inborn.
Your friends Jesse and Peyton have decided that they want to adopt. While they are open to adopting an older child, they are concerned that a child who has bounced from foster home to foster home might never have formed a healthy attachment with a caregiver. What can you tell them?
Their worrying is understandable, but children are resilient and can form secure attachments even when they were insecurely attached earlier.
Which is the best explanation as to why children aged 2½-3 years have difficulty using scale models?
They do not understand that the model can be both a representation of something else and an object in its own right.
Psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow's classic studies on primate development suggest which of the following is the most important outcome of the mother-infant attachment bond?
To provide the infant a secure base from which to explore.
Infants often repeat behavior that they have observed. When they repeat these behaviors after a time delay, it is called
deferred imitation.
Four-year-old Sonja has been a handful since birth. Even now, she does not like her routine to change and responds with tantrums when frustrated. Psychologists Thomas and Chess would be most likely to categorize her temperament as _____.
difficult
Avery is 1 year old and can understand more words than she can use, which means that her receptive vocabulary is outpacing her
expressive vocabulary development.
Babies who show insecure attachment are more likely to
have mothers that have a mental health disorder or who are abusive
What is one risk factor for developing encopresis?
having a history of painful defecation before 36 months of age
Orlando frequently uses the word "Mama" when he wants his mother to pick him up. This is an example of a(n)
holophrase
A preoperational child's failure to demonstrate conservation comes about because of a characteristic of thought known as
irreversibility
To assess infant intellectual development, psychologists use the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), which consist of a behavior-rating scale and
mental and motor scale items.
Three-year old Marcus has just started preschool. On his first day, he cried a little after his mother left but then approached another boy and started to play with him. When his mother came to pick him up, Marcus ran to her, hugged her, and then started to talk. Marcus's behavior is most consistent with _____ attachment.
secure
Somnambulism, which occurs during deep sleep, is another word for
sleepwalking
Three-year old Leonard is somewhat shy and sensitive. He initially responds negatively to new situations and has a low level of activity. Psychologists Thomas and Chess would be most likely to categorize his temperament as _____.
slow to warm up
Sheldon comes from an impoverished home and is currently attending a preschool intervention program. What does research tell us is a likely future outcome for Sheldon?
A higher income
Garrett, a preschooler, often becomes aggressive when he becomes frustrated in his attempts to gain something he wants, such as attention or a toy. When Garrett repeatedly pushes, shoves, and hits in order to grab toys or break into line, other children usually let him have his way. Thus, Garrett is being rewarded for acting aggressively and is likely to continue to use aggressive means, especially if he does not have alternative means of achieving his ends. Garrett's aggressiveness is best explained by
social cognitive theory.
Three-year-old Elsa knows that she is a girl, but still believes that she can grow up to be a daddy. According to Kohlberg, Elsa has not yet developed the concept of gender
stability
When asked to touch a ball he cannot see and then identify its color, 3-year-old Nathan says "blue." This behavior demonstrates that Nathan still does not understand
the origins of knowledge.
Children are less likely to develop internal standards of moral conduct when parents
use power-assertive techniques more frequently.
As Esther plays with blocks alongside her 6-month-old infant, she names their colors and demonstrates how to stack them. The infant will one day be able to stack blocks on her own by being provided with a(n)
zone of proximal development.
Aria is a graduate student investigating young children's memory. When she asks Alex, a young child, to describe what happens during a birthday party, he says "It's fun! You play with friends and get presents." Which term describes how Alex responded?
Scripts
In right-handed individuals, the right hemisphere is usually superior with which function?
Recognition of faces
After the birth of his baby sister, 5-year-old Claude started crying more frequently and using baby talk to communicate with his parents. What are these behaviors of Claude an example of?
Regression
How many hours of sleep does 7-year-old Juliet need during a 24-hour period?
10-11 hours
At what age do children show preferences for gender-stereotyped toys?
15-30 months
The mirror technique involves placing a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and then placing the infant in front of a mirror. At what age do infants begin to touch their nose when they look into the mirror?
18 months
Numerous linguistics researchers have suggested that children learn language during one or more sensitive periods. When do these sensitive periods begin?
18-24 months of age
Lucile is a 3-year-old American child. How much television can she be expected to watch each day?
2-3 hours
Throughout early childhood, how fast can Clarissa expect her son, Samson, to grow each year?
2-3 inches
When do infants begin to display handedness?
2-3 months
At what age do children usually begin to show preferences for particular playmates, imitate each other's play, and engage in social games such as follow the leader?
24 months
At which age are children most likely to have a smooth toilet training experience?
3 years
The brain develops more quickly than any other organ in early childhood. By what age has a child's brain reached 90% of its adult weight?
5 tears
In the United States, approximately what percentage of preschool children regularly experience nonparental care?
60%
What is the most common cause of death in early childhood (ages 1-14) in the United States?
Accidents
Which process do children attempt to use when absorbing new information into existing schemes?
Assimilation
Six-year-old Devon can remember details about the time he and his grandfather rode bicycles in the park. Which type of memory does Devon have?
Autobiographical
What did Vygotsky consider to be the most important factor in a child's cognitive development?
Scaffolding
Which of the following occurs as a result of increased myelination of the cerebellum during early childhood?
Balance and coordination improve.
Which statement accurately reflects the correlation between the Bayley scales and later intellectual performance?
Bayley items measuring infant motor skills predict subsequent fine motor and visual-spatial skills at 6-8 years of age.
Large-scale evaluations of the effects of the program Sesame Street have concluded that regular viewing increases children's learning for which population?
Both African American and European American girls and boys in urban, suburban, and rural settings
Nikki is a new mom and excitedly records all of her infant son's developmental milestones. At which age can she expect him to engage in social smiling rather than reflexive smiling?
By the age of 2-3 months
Dakota and Harley are having a spirited discussion about the "real" differences between boys and girls. Who is correct and why?
Dakota claims that girls typically learn to eat, crawl, and walk earlier than boys do, although boys and girls are quite similar in their responses to sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and touch
Ana is a developmental psychology graduate student. Her dissertation is examining whether infants are born with discrete emotional states, such as the basic emotion of excitement. Which theory is her dissertation based on?
Differential emotions
When do children become less fearful of imaginary creatures?
Middle childhood
Which brain structure is hypothesized to underlie the ability of neonates to engage in imitation?
Mirror neurons
Which young child is most likely to experience sleep terrors?
Morgan, who just moved into a new neighborhood.
What does research indicate about home versus day care?
Most infants, whether cared for in the home or in day care, are securely attached
Infants who are fed formula that was made with tap water are at risk of developing lead poisoning. What does the ingestion of lead cause in infants and young children?
Neurological damage
On average, how many new words do preschoolers learn each day?
Nine
Tyler maintains that, because men are more violent than women, children are more likely to be abused by their fathers than by their mothers. Is he correct?
No. About twice as many children are abused by their mothers acting alone as by their fathers acting alone
Which researcher hypothesized children are born with an innate language acquisition device?
Noam Chomsky
Which Piagetian term best explains why infants around 7 to 8 months of age enjoy the game peekaboo?
Object permanence
Sansa is sitting next to Ariana and watching her paint a picture. She talks to Ariana about the painting and makes suggestions, but does not ask to paint herself. Which type of play is Sansa engaging in?
Onlooker
Which treatment is the best for preventing children from dying from diarrhea?
Oral rehydration therapy
Aila is walking in the park with her young son Omar. Omar enthusiastically points out each bird and says "bird." Every time he spots a butterfly, he says "bird." Which term describes the common developmental language error Omar is making?
Overextension
Noah is playing with his kitten. He suddenly yells, "He bited me!" Which term describes this error in language that Noah made?
Overregularization
Which of Baumrind's parenting patterns tends to exhibit low restrictiveness and high warmth in parents who use it in their interactions with their children?
Permissive-indulgent
Marcel would not let his younger brother play with him and his toys. His parents punished Marcel for this by not letting him watch TV that evening. Which method did his parents use to enforce restrictions on Marcel?
Power assertion
Which term describes the practical aspects of communication, such as an adaptation of language to fit a social situation?
Pragmatics
Which statement accurately reflects children's patterns of eating?
Preference for sweet and salty foods increases if children are repeatedly exposed to them.
Four-year-old Roxanne is coloring a picture. She is deeply engaged in this activity and narrates instructions to herself, such as "I'm coloring the blue circles blue." Which term describes this behavior of Roxanne?
Private speech
During play with others, 2-year-old Bennie will share his toys and help others with tasks. Which type of behavior is this an example of?
Prosocial
Brody is studying the memory skills of preschoolers. He shows them some stuffed animals and then shows them a new lineup with more animals added. Next, Brody asks these preschoolers which ones they saw the first time. What is he testing?
Recognition
A test used to assess theory of mind in children is the false-belief concept. What exactly does this test measure?
Whether a child attributes false beliefs to others
Workers at an orphanage are overwhelmed by the number of infants and children that have come in since a hurricane. Which child is likely to have been more affected by the lack of sensory stimulation and social interaction than by the lack of love?
Yessenia, who was only a few weeks old when she was brought to the orphanage and is now about a year old
During the attachment-in-the-making phase, infants display
a preference for familiar figures.
Kennedy is a preschooler who likes to play with his soldiers, engaging them in imaginary battles where they fight and kill. Which of the following is a likely result of Kennedy's violent pretend play?
a. Kennedy is more likely to engage in antisocial behavior later in life.
According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, how do children behave once they have established concepts of gender stability and gender constancy?
a. They try to behave in ways that are consistent with their gender.
Killian has developed enuresis. After doing some research, his parents discover that enuresis usually has organic causes such as
an infection of the urinary tract.
When 3-year-old Chloe is asked why she thinks stars twinkle, she replies, "Because they're happy." Chloe's response is an example of
animism
At 8 months of age, Christine is making vocalizations that sound like human speech, which are called
babbling
