Childhood Development Ch 12
When Freddie describes his friend Roger as being better at arithmetic than he is, Freddie is expressing what Barenhoim calls A. a behavioral comparison B. an organizing friendship C. egocentric empathy D. a psychological construct E. a concrete operation
A. a behavioral comparison
Faced with a choice of helping her sister finish a project or playing outside with her own friends, a child says, "I will help, but only if she promises to help me the next time." This child is reasoning at what level in Eisenberg's levels of prosocial reasoning? A. hedonistic orientation B. needs-oriented orientation C. approval-by-others orientation D. internalized orientation E. mutual interpersonal orientation
A. hedonistic orientation
By about what age can children tell the difference between the positive and negative facial expressions of others? A. 6 to 8 months B. 10-12 months C. 18 months D. 2 years E. 3 years
B. 10-12 months
Who proposed a model of prosocial reasoning? A. Kohlberg B. Eisenberg C. Piaget D. Freud E. Skinner
B. Eisenberg
Turiel describes conventional rules as A. univerisal B. arbitrary C. obligatory D. moral E. permanent
B. arbitrary
A concern for how others will judge one's actions as typical of which level of moral development? A. universal ethical principles B conventional C. preconventional D. postconventional E. postoperational
B. conventional
A shift to judgments based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs is characteristic of which level of moral development? A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. postformal E. postoperational
B. conventional
Kohlberg's research, confirmed by others, indicates that preconventional reasoning is dominant in A. infancy B. elementary school C. adolscence D. early adulthood E. late adulthood
B. elementary school
According to Kochanska's research, we would expect a child to demonstrate more signs of guilt if he is A. assertive B. fearful C. aggressive D. calm E. confident
B. fearful
What three emotions did Erikson believe were equally important in moral development? A. shame, guilt, embarrassment B. guilt, shame, pride C. guilt, humility, love D. shame, love, embarrassment E. anger, guilt, shame
B. guilt, shame, pride
Children can first empathize with several different emotions at once by A. 5 years of age B. middle childhood C. early adolescence D. middle adolescence E. late adolescence
B. middle childhood
Maria has been carefully saving her allowance so that she can buy a car when she gets her license. But recently, her father has been out of work and has some bills he is not able to pay, so Maria gives him her savings. Eisenberg would say that Maria is using which type of reasoning? A. hedonistic B. needs-oriented C. egocentric D. postconventional E. conventional
B. needs-oriented
In high school, students are not allowed to leave the premises for lunch. This a(n) A. moral rule B. universal rule C. conventional rule D. amoral rule E. permanent rule
C. conventional rule
In stage _____________ of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals focus less on what is pleasing to particular people and more on conforming to an unquestioned, complex set of regulations. A. two B. three C. four D. five E. six
C. four
Mel's decision always seems to be based on rules and laws. Mel is in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A. two B. three C. four D. five E. six
C. four
Kohlberg's sixth stage of universal ethical principles orientation A. involves following specific religious doctrines B. was his most important stage C. involves the assumption of personal responsibility D. remains the foundation for his entire theory E. involves judicious application of rewards
C. involves the assumption of personal responsibility
Sam is 4 years old. He is most likely to say that Louis is his best friend because Louis A. is a generous person B. is very smart C. shares his toys D. plays with lots of children E. has a good personality
C. shares his toys
Who proposed that consequences teach children to obey moral rules? A. Freud B. Erikson C. Piaget D. Skinner E. Kohlberg
D. Skinner
Research suggests that in late adolescence, young people understand that A. close friendships can fill all a person's needs B. friendships are static C. friendships involve doing everything together D. friendships can dissolve as members change E. a good friendship will last for life
D. friendships can dissolve as members change
Gilligan describes two distinct moral orientations that she called A. obedience and reward B. hedonistic and needs-oriented C. personal and universal D. justice and care E. concrete and formal
D. justice and care
Studies of the relationship between level of moral reasoning and moral behavior have A. failed to support Kohlberg's prediction that reasoning and behavior should be positively correlated B. shown that people at the principled level disobey more societal rules than people at the conventional level C. shown positive correlations between reasoning and behavior in children but not in adults D. supported Kohlberg's prediction that reasoning and behavior should be positively correlated E. shown a positive correlation between moral reasoning and antisocial behavior
D. supported Kohlberg's prediction that reasoning and behavior should be positively correlated
According to Kohlberg, the most important cognitive-developmental variable for the development of moral reasoning is A. sensorimotor thinking B. stage three thinking C. hedonistic thinking D. knowledge of intentions E. decline of egocentrism
E. decline of egocentrism
People show evidence of the beginning of self-chosen principles in which of Kohlberg's stages? A. one B. two C. three D. four E. five
E. five
Children's social cognition develops from A. inner to outer characteristics B. qualified to definite rules C. a general view to an observer's view D. definite to fixed rules E. observation to inference
E. observation to inference
Universal ethical principles orientation occurs in which of Kohlberg's stages? A. two B. three C. four D. five E. six
E. six
