Childhood Disorders

The process of attachment typically begins between _______ of age.

6-12 months

What factors contribute to the manner in which behavioral and emotional problems are expressed and recognized?

All of the above

Which is an example of resiliency?

All of the above

What is a risk factor?

Both a and b

Which neurotransmitter acts like a switch in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior?

Dopamine

The authors of out text assert that psychopathology is best understood in relationship to:

How children typically develop

What kind of rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specific time period.

Prevalence

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be:

Reliable

A child who becomes a competent adult able to positively adapt to his environment despite the fact he grew up in a family with abuse and alcoholism can be said to benefit from:

Resiliency

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____.

Risk Factor

The most commonly used intelligence scale today is the:

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

The failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is referred to as:

adaptational failure

A child's problems must be considered in relation to the influence of the:

all of the above

Behavioral intervention for sleeping problems involves:

all of the above

One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that:

behavior may be altered as a function of participants awareness being observed

What kind of psychologist would believe that maladaptive patterns of behavior have been learned through reinforcement of those behaviors?

behavioral

Children who receive treatment are:

better off then children who do not receive treatment

Which is an example of a risk factor increasing a child's vulnerability to psychopathology?

chronic poverty

Isabella is three years old and she frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses bedtime. These behaviors are considered:

common due to her age

The C in the ABCs of behavioral assessment stands for:

consequences

The developmental psychopathology approach to studying childhood disorders emphasizes the importance of:

developmental processes and tasks

Nightmares usually occur:

during the second half of the sleep cycle

Freud was the first to link mental disorders to:

early childhood experiences

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through:

epidemiological research

Which of the following statements about genetics is false?

genes determine behavior

In ____ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development.

longitudinal

Freud's theory focused on:

multiple causes of behavior

James often appears to be in a bad mood and he is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be considered:

negative affect or irritibility

Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should be used:

never

Interventions are ______.

problem solving strategies

Individual differences in emotion __________ account for differing responses to a stressful environment.

reactivity

The dynamic interaction of child and environment is referred to as:

transaction

Projective testing is often used to discover the:

unconscious

Multifinality refers to the observation that

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

Etiology refers to the _________ of childhood disorders

Causation

In research terms, predictions about behavior that follow from a theory are called:

Hypotheses

The word of Jean-Marc Itard was notable because:

In contrast to the societal views of the time, his orientation toward children was one of care and helping

What kind of rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period?

Incidence

The greater the degree of control that a researcher has over the ________, the more a study approximates a true experiment.

Independent variable

Chad's parents awaken to the sound of their son crying out in the night and they are unable to comfort him. The next morning Chad remembers nothing about the event. Chad is experiencing:

Sleep terrors

A _________ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children

Standardized

The authors of the text propose that classification systems improve research efforts related to developmental psychology.

True

The likelihood that different clinicians would classify a child in the same category is referred to as reliability

True

The likelihood that different clinicians would classify a child in the same category is referred to as reliability.

True

An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered:

Valid

Minimum ethical standards for practice include:

All of the above:

Ideally, a measure of psychopathology should be

All of these

Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because:

All of these

Which of the following would not typically be addressed in the developmental/family history component of the initial interview?

All of these would typically be addressed

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called:

Comorbidity

The ability to successfully adapt to the environment is called

Competence

To keep individuals from urinating at night, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) serves to ___

Concentrate the urine during sleep hours

Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be:

Correlated

In _________ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time.

Cross-sectional

Evaluating the mental health of children can be difficult due to:

Cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior

A child's adjustment and maladjustment can and does develop at multiple points during development. This is better known as:

Developmental pathways

John Locke advanced the belief that children were:

Emotionally sensitivities beings

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that:

Enhances relationships with the caregiver

Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as:

Equifinality

Best practice guidelines take into consideration:

Expert and evidence based approaches

According to the diathesis-stress model, most psychiatric disorders are genetically predetermined

False

Once a model of psychopathology has been validated, it is unlikely that it will be altered.

False

Parenting styles is an example of non shared environment

False

The process of deciding whether a child can or should be diagnosed with one specific mental health disorder over another is known as classification.

False

The psychodynamic model of psychopathology emphasizes unconscious processes in the development of maladaptive behavior.

False

What kind of theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others

Family systems

In the first half of the 20th century, most children with mental disorders were:

Institutionalized

In an A-B-A-B design, the B stands for:

Intervention

Dr. Kelly is gathering information on her latest client by talking with the child's parents, teachers, and the child. She is most likely engaging in which aspect of assessment.

Interview

The dependent variable:

Is a result of the action of the independent variable

Which of the following would be a mistake in labeling a child?

Karlee is a depressed child

The first disorder unique to children and adolescents was

Masturbatory insanity

The DSM is based upon a:

Medical model

The fact that a young child who experiences brain trauma is more likely to recover language skills than an older adult who experiences the same type of brain trauma may be due to:

Neural plasticity

Which of the following statements about enuresis is not true?

Nocturnal neurosis cannot exist in combination with diurnal enuresis

This means generating predictions concerning future behavior under specified conditions

Prognosis

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and decreases the chances that the outcome will occur is a(n):

Protective factor

Isabella appears sad and is having difficulty academically and with her peer group. Isabella has a close relationship with her mother. This relationship with her mother can be considered a:

Protective factor

The word of Rene Spitz

Raised serious questions about the harmful impact of institutionalization of children's development

A study is to be done. We want to make sure everyone has an equal chance to participate. This process is called

Random selection

A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion _______.

Regulation

The neurotransmitter implicated in regulatory problems, such as eating and sleep disorders is:

Serotonin

The most universally used assessment procedure with parents and children is:

The clinical interview

Which of the following statements about neural development is false?

The connections in the brain are relatively pre-determined and the environment cannot change their course

The final responsibility for ethical integrity of a research project is with:

The investigator

The most effective and long-lasting treatment for enuresis is:

The urine alarm

According to the authors of this text, the understanding of developmental psychopathology must be centered in what is typical or normal for a particular child's development.

True

An understanding of developmental pathways and timing of a child's disorder helps mental health practitioners develop effective and timely interventions.

True

Anthony displays a high level of anxiety as well as withdrawal from his peers and family. Anthony's behavior would likely be described as internalizing?

True

If Maggie's difficulties are viewed as behaviors seen in other children her age, but as more frequent, intense, and detrimental to her development, then her behaviors are seen as continuous or dimensional.

True

In order to accurately understand psychopathology in children, it is important to distinguish between normal and abnormal development

True

More current definitions of psychopathology include both extremes of behavior (too little or too much)

True

Cross-cultural research confirms the existence of similar dimensions of psychopathology in 30 different societies. This finding supports the _________ of classification systems.

Validity

Who is known of the Father of Behaviorism?

Watson

In the 17th and 18th centuries, acts of child maltreatment:

We're considered to be a parent's right for educating or disciplining a child

Which of the following is a common goal of treatment?

all of these are common goals

Which of the following typically does not have bearing on a clinician's approach to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment?

all of these have bearing

A correlation of -.75 between age and amount of time spent in REM sleep means that:

older people spend less time in REM sleep

In the 17th and 18th centuries, children's disturbing behaviors were attributed to:

possession by the devil or other evil forces

In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often described in terms of:

relationships