Children and Parents

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3 types of parenting styles

1.Authoritative: high emotional support, consistent moderate control- REASONING CONTROL 2. Permissive: STRONG emotional support, little control 3. Authoritarian: low support, coercive (unreasoned) control

What did Lareau's study have for its study group?

12 white and black families- children third to fourth grade

Breakdown of trends in divorce rates- 10 years into marriage 1960-1989 graph

1985-1989: 4 year degree: 12% No four year: 32% Increase for both then decrease

What type of parenting style is preferred?

Authoritative, Authoritarian styles thought harmful

What do middle class parents have?

Autonomy and self-direction and want to enhance kids talents

Language use- working class

Because I said so- directives

BOOK QUESTION: How much time do parents and children spend together?

Because so many mothers work now- parents spend nearly half as much time with children vs past. Defeat by doing less housework/cut back in leisure time.

How do fathers indirectly help the kids?

Better adjust @ home and school due to financially and supporting mother

What does Lareau find?

Big differences in parenting styles by social class- not by race

What ages is primary socialization:?

Birth- age 16

Language use- middle class

Child encouraged to pursue reasoning behind parent's directives- bargaining over choices

What is the one central task of the public family?

Child rearing

Consequences- lower class families

Childs emerging sense of constraint when confronting social institutions; alienation

Consequences- upper class families

Childs emerging sense of empowerment and entitlement, Learns how to see opportunities within institutional structures to get what he or she wants or to make change

How does family life intersect with other institutions?

Church/school/work/social events

Breakdown of trends in fathers involvement- 1965-2000 graph

College educated fathers spend more time with their kids: 2000: College educated married fathers- 1.2 hours per hours with kids, college educated- all fathers- 1.1, not college educated/married fathers: 1.0, not college educated/all fathers: 0.7. OVERALL- all 4 basically U shaped graphs; increasing.

How do Authoritative parents treat kids?

Comfort and protect them. Know they can talk to their parents. feel protected and loved. control- doesn't go overboard. no yelling. ask why they did it. parents- explain why it made you sad/mad

BOOK QUESTION: How has the well-being of American children changed over time?

Compare average child today vs past= misleading. Economic inequality has increased. % of kids in bottom and top of ladder has increased and middle group has decreased. Children in top of ladder= doing well. Children in bottom of ladder= doing bad. Children in middle of ladder= suffered moderate reduction in well-being

Interventions in Institutions- middle class families

Criticisms and interventions on behalf of child, Example: PTA involvement, or parents advocate for child in parent-teacher conference

What are the views of working class families for adulthood and childhood?

Deadening adult work. Being themselves at home only. Childhood- time to enjoy being young. Kids be kids.

Interventions in Institutions- lower class families

Dependence on institutions, but sense of powerlessness against authority; Conflict between practices at school and at home (structured vs. unstructured)

Resident Fathers benefits

Economic resources- hard to keep track of how much they have put in Greater father-child interaction linked to lower behavioral problems and delinquency and higher cognitive ability, education and psych. wellbeing; no differences by child age/race/ethnicity. Not well done studies though.

What is childrearing based on?

Education, resources, experiences, and job conditions

why do Children of highly educated and high earning parents enjoy greater resources?

Have two parents; happier household. organized activities- increased skills. Parents educated- help with homework. Hard to have these not positively help you in life.

Breakdown of trends in mothers' median age when she gave birth 1960-2000 graph

High education (college) mothers usually have highest age then middle education (HS) then low education (no HS). all mostly increase as time continues.2000: H: 32, M: 27 and L: 23.

What are the consequences of nonparent care?

Higher quality of care, higher test scores, but more childcare increases risk-taking behaviors

Trends in graph of median family incomes: 1960-2000

Income inequality has increased over time- most income increased for high education. 2000: low ed.-25,000, med. ed.- 41,000, high ed.- 76,000

How is the fathers' influence indirect?

Income, supporting the mother emotionally, providing united 'front' to the child re discipline, etc

How do Parental circumstances and parenting powerfully shape life chances of next generation?

Intergenerational transmission of class position (kids usually have the same class as their parents do) AND Challenges popular rhetoric of autonomy, personal responsibility, and equal opportunity

Organization of daily life- natural growth?

Kids hang out with their choice of friends, pick their play

Organization of daily life- concerted cultivation

Kids- leisure activities that are controlled by adults. Self- restraint is rewarded.

Why do college educated wait until they are older to have kids?

Know more about the world; stable union; stable job; more mature.

How do fathers directly help the kids?

Learn more vocab and cognitive gains due to interacting with them

What is secondary socialization?

Learning how to function in particular groups within society (e.g. profession)- ongoing process, Learn about place in society (professionally)

What is primary socialization?

Learning language, rituals, routines, behaviors, norms that enable membership of a culture- LANGUAGE

Why do Fathers matter, but may matter less than mothers?

Less time spent with child; Doesn't mean that fathers couldn't matter more if they interacted more with their children.

How does poverty affect kids?

Live in bad neighborhoods and high stress- affect brain and behaviors plus school achievement in young children

Breakdown of trends(%) in single motherhood graph

Low education mother-highest, high education-lowest. 2000: L: 42, M: 29 and H: 8. Sharp increase in middle and low education. Not high/change in high education

What's natural growth?

Lower class want kids to grow on their own. They do basic care for their kids. Unstructured play and get independence.

3 tasks of child rearing

Material support, emotional support, control

How many kids have parents in prison?

More than half- increasing their chance in going to prison. If father is in jail- ambiguous loss of father

What are the two different sets of cultural repertoires that Lareau found?

Natural growth working class, concerted cultivation- middle class

What's evidence is more limited and less consistent?

Non-resident fathers

Non-resident fathers effects on frequency of contact or visitation, regardless of race, child gender?

None

What do parents also start to teach kids, but society continues it?

Norms and values

How did Lareau collect data?

Observations at home and at school, interviews.

What were the 3 key dimensions Lareau looked at?

Organization in daily life and language= ENGAGING and social connections

What is MacLanahan's argument?

Parental resources differ by parent education

What is Lareau's argument?

Parenting styles differ by class

What are the group differences for parenting styles?

Race/ethnicity, Religion, Status and class differences- ALL PLAY A PART IN PARENTING

Concerted Cultivation

See kids as project. Organized activities. Reasoning and language development= important. Close supervision of their experiences in school.

What were the other 2 not main goals of Lareau's study?

Social structure in daily life and connections with class positon/networking experiences

BOOK QUESTION: What are the main goals in socializing children and how do parents differ in the way they fulfill their role?

Socialize with children- teach kids to function in society. Teach children norms and values. Give both material and emotional support and exercise control over them. Combo of high levels of emotional support and consistent, moderate discipline= best parenting style. Children are socially competent- not as good for minority groups though.

BOOK QUESTION: How does the socialization of children vary by ethnicity, class, gender, and the sexual orientation of parents?

Some rely more on strong discipline. Working class parents stress obedience and conformity more than middle class parents. Middle class parents stress autonomy and self-direction. Show values within their jobs for social classes. Socialize with kids genders differently- preexisting differences seen in childhood and adulthood. Lesbian parents' kids aren't different from normal kids.

How does society treat genders differently for kids?

Toys and rewarding behaviors

BOOK QUESTION: What barriers must parents overcome in socializing their children?

Unemployment and poverty, Job loss/low earnings, angry Fathers,. Family instability, exposure to different types of households, Mass incarceration, nonparental child care.

How does intersections with institutions depend on social class?

Upper families may go to more elite things vs lower families may go to more fun/cheap events

What are the views of middle class families for adulthood and childhood?

Work- challenging/rewarding/stimulating. Childhood- training ground for adulthood. Train for creative careers.

Do Children of highly educated and high earning parents enjoy greater resources than children of less educated / lower earning parents?

Yes- they have a leg up in life. Shows how it's not surprising that parental class position tends to be inherited by children.

Economic resources account for

about half of gap in child outcomes between dual and single parent families

Breakdown of trends in mother's employment (%) graph

all increase as time continues. 2000: H: 64, M: 57 and L: 30. Increase the least for low education and the most for high education.

What are Child support payments associated with?

better child outcomes, especially academic achievement and less externalizing behavior problems- shows how economic resources are important

Father role's then vs now

breadwinners; Today, more involved in direct care, nurturing, engaging in activities, sharing responsibility for arranging care, etc.

Positive/authoritative parenting and closeness do seem to promote

child and adolescent wellbeing

Who pays more in child care- Unmarried fathers or divorced fathers

divorced fathers

Early studies focused on what type of fathers?

divorced fathers; more recent work includes unmarried fathers

Fathers divided by

economic resources and parenting/involvement

Differentiate parenting styles along dimensions of

emotional support and exercise of control

What is the family myth?

equally share the work but it actually isn't equal

How do Authoritarian parents treat kids?

judge/snicker/tell them you don't love them. not reasoning why- because i said so. can involve physical discipline. parents get cold/mean- withdraw from kids. Kids support themselves

How does COHO affect kids?

less time and energy to kid, less engaged with school, bad environment

How does having a single parent affect kids?

low income, good environment, depression, less supervision, race plays a part as well

More transitions cause...

more problems in kids

What do working/lower class parents have?

obedience and conformity, safe home.

Socialization involves

parents, peers, media- HUGE INFLUENCE. Focus on forming young people and being apart of society

Two stages of socialization:

Primary socialization: and secondary socialization

What do Differences in childrearing practices lead to

transmission of social class across generations

What type of father is informal support more common with?

unmarried fathers at least early on


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