CHM 1020c Exam 2 Dillon

strong acids

they completely dissociate into their component ions when placed in water. End with "acid"

Polyprotic acids and bases

those that release more than one proton or hydroxide ion respectively when dissolved in water

The MOLE (mol)

unit of measurement that is the amount of a pure substance containing the same number of chemical units (atoms, molecules etc.)

Barbiturates

used to treat anxiety, tension, and sleep disorders

Ionic Bond

when two or more ions come together and are held together by charge differences

Electron Pair Geometry (EPG)

where the electrons are in space around the central atom

5 ways to detect a reaction

- Color Change - Precipitate Formation (solid formation falling out of solution) - Gas Formation (bubbles and odor) - Temperature Change - pH Change

two steps to converting the volume of a solution to moles

- Convert the given amount of volume into liters (L). - Multiply the liters of the solution by its given molarity.

three steps to converting grams of a substance to moles

- Determine how many grams are given in the problem. - Calculate the molar mass of the substance. - Divide step one by step two.

three steps to converting moles of a substance to grams

- Determine how many moles are given in the problem. - Calculate the molar mass of the substance. - Multiply step one by step two.

Most Common Narcotics

Morphine Codeine Heroin Oxycodone Methadone Cocaine

Covalent Compounds

Non-Metals when combined with other Non-Metals

Controlled Drug Schedule

Scheduling is from 1 to 5 based on the severity of the effects of the drugs and their danger to society

The Molecular Geometry (MG)

Shape changes every time a lone pair replaces a bond

Stimulants

Short-term basis

two types of mixtures

Solutions Suspensions

Aqueous Solutions

Solutions in which the solvent is water

pH or pOH

The small p in front of the H or OH is an indicator for a mathematical process called a logarithm. The p can be translated as "take the negative log of" whatever value follows it.

reactants or reagents

The substance (or substances) initially involved in the chemical reaction

Luminol

a chemical that undergoes a reaction with oxygen when in the presence of a catalyst

Chemical Equations.

balanced to show the same number of atoms of each element on each side

VSEPR (Valence shell electron pair repulsion)

bonds between atoms which are full of electron density will space themselves out as much as possible to avoid electron-electron interaction

Hallucinogens

cause their effects by initially disrupting the interaction of nerve cells and the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin is the neurotransmitter that controls memory, appetite, sex drive and sleep.

Polar

covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed

Narcotics

drugs that are naturally derived from opium. Opiates

Depressants

drugs that work on the central nervous system (CNS) to slow normal brain function

Acids and bases are

polar covalent molecules that dissociate into ions when introduced to water

Benzodiazepines

prescribed to treat anxiety, acute stress reactions, and panic attacks

A Chemical Reaction

process that takes place when a substance (or substances) are brought into contact with each other and produce a new substance(s)

Law of Conservation of Mass

matter cannot be created nor destroyed

Molarity

moles of solute / liters of solution

Limiting Reagent

once you run out of ... the reaction will stop

Covalent Bond

sharing of electrons between two or more atoms

( s )

solid state

( aq )

something dissolved in water

One of the most important properties of water

stemming from the hydrogen bond networks of water is its becoming less dense as it freezes. Ice is less dense as a solid than as a liquid (ice floats)

The Heat of Vaporization (ΔHvap)

the amount of energy to convert 1g or a substance from a liquid to a gas

The specific heat of a substance

the amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of the substance by 1°ree;C

Cohesion

the attraction between particles of the same substance

Adhesion

the attraction between two different substances

sulfuric acid

the only one that is diprotic, because it has two ionizable hydrogens per molecule

psychoactive drug

A mood-altering drug

adulterants and diluents

Drugs with slightly different chemical structures or concentrations than the "name brand" version, respectively

Strong bases

End with "hydroxide"

Withdrawl Symtpoms

Headaches and muscle aches Fever Nausea and vomiting Dizziness Paranoia Seizures and tremors Death

Addiction can be defined in two ways

- The compulsive use of a drug, despite any cost to health, family, or social standing. - A disease that changes the structure and chemistry of the brain.

Steroid Abuser Symptoms

- rapid weight gain - mood swings that can be violent in nature - lots of ACNE

exceptions to the octet rule

-Hydrogen (H) only requires 2 electrons to have a full valence shell since it only needs to be like Helium (He). -Elements on the 3rd Period (3rd row) of the periodic table and below can actually have more than 8 electrons around them. They have extra space to allow for the extra electrons.

mole

6.022 x 10^23

responsibilities that chemistry has in keeping both legal and illegal drugs under control

Analysis and identification of ALL CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES (legal and illegal) Identify all substances greater than 1% Determine Salt, Isomer and Purity as appropriate Identify Adulterants and Diluents

Electronegaticity

Atomic property. The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus

Properties of Water

Cohesion Adhesion High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization Less Dense as a Solid

3 Types of Electronegativity

Covalent Ionic Polar

Ionic Compounds

Metals and Non-Metals combined

weak acids

Incompletely ionized acids.

Solution

Ionic and polar compounds disperse as ions in water forming solutions. The ions spread out until they are evenly distributed

4 Common Hallucinogens

LSD Peyote Psilocybin PCP

( I )

Liquid state

Prefixes

Prefix Number Indicated mono- 1 di- 2 tri- 3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octa- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10

Suspensions

Substances that don't dissolve but separate into tiny pieces and are supported in solution by water

The Octet Rule

The atoms that participate in covalent bonding share electrons in a way that enables them to acquire a stable electron configuration, or full valence shell.

( g )

gaseous state

Dopamine

helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them

Corticosteroids

hormones that regulate sodium concentration, inflammation, and fat levels in the body

Androgenic/Anabolic steroids

hormones that regulate the manufacture of testosterone in the sex organs. increases protein production

drug misuse

improper use of medicines

Excess Reagent

left over after the reaction is complete