CHM1020 Ch. 1 & 2

define and apply the law of conservation of mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. So, the mass of any element will be the same in the start and end of any chemical reaction.

Lightning produces both

ozone and nitrogen oxides.

Steps involved in ozone production:

1. Nitrogen dioxide is exposed to sunlight 2. Nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom are produced. 3. An oxygen atom reacts with an oxygen molecule. 4. Ozone is produced.

define a chemical reaction; express a chemical reaction in words as a balanced chemical equation

A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas. They are often combined in the formulas of compounds. Reactants are written on the left and products are written on the right (same as a multiplication equation).

The troposphere is the region closest to the surface of Earth, where humans live, and contains 75% of our air.

An inversion layer in the troposphere occurs when cooler air is trapped below warm air.

Which of the following species are the two products of respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water.

define volatility:

Describes how easily a substance will vaporize. Volatile organic compounds (VOC's are carbon-containing compounds that easily vaporize. Volatile organic compounds (VOC's) are carbon-containing compounds that easily pass into the vapor phase.

classify and describe metals, nonmetals, and metalloids: Metals most of them are solids are at room temp. Except for mercury. Hard/shiny. Nonmetals: opposite of metals (obvi)

Metals most of them are solids are at room temp. Except for mercury. Hard/shiny. Nonmetals: opposite of metals (obvi)

Species that are involved in the conversion of NO to NO2 in the atmosphere

O3, OH, and VOC (ozone, hydroxide, and volatile organic compounds)

Placement of reactants and products

Reactants are always on the left and products are always on the right.

Molecules:

a molecule is an independent structure consisting of two or more atoms bonded together. Also, a molecule may contain two or more atoms of the same element. Molecules are formed by connecting two or more nonmetal atoms and they either be described as compounds or elements. (the seven two-atom (diatomic) molecules are: H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I

CO is measured in order to

assess the efficiency of an automobile in most states in the U.S.

Electrons

have a negative relative charge of one. Their relative mass is 0amu meaning that it is much smaller than the relative mass of a proton or neutron (9.11x10^-31).

Neutrons

have a neutral charge of zero and their relative weight is 1amu (which is the same as a proton.)

Nanotechnology

the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized between 1-100 nanometers.

summarize the role of sunlight in the production of ozone

Ozone is in a produced two-step process. In the first step, ultraviolet sunlight breaks apart an oxygen molecule to form two separate oxygen atoms. In the second step, these atoms then undergo a binding collision with other oxygen molecules to form two ozone molecules.

The risks presented by air pollutants are a function of toxicity and exposure.

Toxicity: an intrinsic health hazard of a substance Exposure: the amount of the substance encountered. Exposure is measured by concentration in the air, length of time, and rate of breathing.

Compound

pure substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms in a fixed, characteristic combination. Compounds are made up of two or more elements, chemically.

Combustion:

the chemical process of burning, the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light.

Cookstoves are

the greatest source of indoor air pollution in developing countries.

Information gained from a balanced equation can include:

the physical states of reactants and products, identities of the substances involved, and relative quantities of substances involved.

Particulate matter is classified by size. Some particulate matter can pass into the bloodstream and cause heart disease.

Particulate matter can originate from fires, car engines, or coal-burning plants.

PM10 includes particles with an average diameter of

10um (1x10^4 nm)

2.5 percent

= 25000 ppm.

In general, which airborne material is not likely to be affected by the filters or indoor air handling equipment?

Carbon monoxide because it is a gas, filters cannot trap gas.

Three pillars of sustainability:

Environmental, Social, Economic

Tetra

Four

Octet Rule

Guideline that states main group atoms will form structures in which eight valence electrons interact with each nucleus, counting bonding electrons as interacting with both atoms connected by the bond

identify primary pollutants from industry, residential, and transportation:

Implicated in the Ozone formation, ground-level formation. The sunlight is absorbed as energy by nitrogen dioxide, and then bonds in NO2 are broken. and NO (Nitrogen monoxide) and atomic oxygen are formed. Atomic oxygen then reacts with oxygen molecules to form ground level ozone, the pollutant.

evaluate the health consequences of indoor and outdoor pollutants

Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Respiratory diseases, heart disease, and cancer.

identify primary pollutants from industry, residential, and transportation:

No2 is emitted by vehicles, it concentrates in larger cities. Also, burning is a source of No2. No2 is formed/ catalyzed from heat. (Nitrogen & Oxygen) N2 + O2 = 2 NO and 2 NO + O2 = 2 NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide)

Mono

One

define oxidation and reduction:

Oxidation is a chemical reaction caused by GAINING oxygen that is essential for absorbing oxygen and receiving energy from the food we eat (lowers number of electrons in oxygen). Reduction is the opposite is a chemical reaction caused by the reduction of oxygen (increases number of electrons).

The burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide, SO2, a pollutant that slowly reacts in air to form SO3. Sulfur trioxide dissolves into airborne water droplets to form a very corrosive solution of sulfuric acid. Which is a product of burning coal that hastens the transformation of sulfur dioxide into sulfur troxide?

Particles of ash. This transformation takes place on solid particles.

create and interpret particulate diagrams for atoms and molecules:

Protons have a positive relative charge of one. Their relative mass is 1amu and are located inside the nucleus. Their actual mass is 1.67x10^-27 (same as a neutron.)

differentiate between pure substances and mixtures

Pure substances can be made of one kind of material with consistent properties. Pure substances can be further broken down into the elements or compounds. Mixtures are made of two or more pure substances, each having different properties. Mixtures are physically combined structures that can be separated into their original components. Compounds have different properties that are different than the elements that make them up.

List the most toxic pollutants to the least out of these:

SO2, NO2, CO

Hepta

Seven

Amounts of chemicals can be changed (numbers in the front of the formula) never the subscripts, this would change the chemical compound into a new substance.

So, balance the formulas with coefficients first after you have the skeleton equation down.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name a compound containing two nonmetals?

The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate. The second element is named with its root and the suffix -ide. A Greek numerical prefix is always used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound.

Statements that correctly describe a properly balanced chemical equation:

The physical states of the reactants may be different than the physical states of the products. The total number of atoms of each element must match in the reactants and products.

Mt. Everest is considered the highest landmass on Earth, if a hiker is on Mount Everest they are standing in the troposphere.

The troposphere encompasses all the land.

Tri

Three

Di or bi

Two

Catalyst

a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This type of substance is often used up but regenerated during the reaction.

Cradle-to-cradle

approach that emerged in the 1970's, refers to a responsible use of materials that end up being reused at the end of their life cycle.

Los Angeles has more days of poor air quality than New York City despite having half its population

because LA has a geography that traps the air.

CO, VOC"S and Nitrogen oxides are all generally produced

by the majority of cars.

In the process of respiration, the foods we eat are metabolized to produce

carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

SO3 can

combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols.

Element

composed of many atoms of the same type.

Organic compounds always

contain carbon.

Chemical transformation =

converted to

Allotropes

different structural forms of the same element

Aerosols are

droplets that contain suspended solid and liquid particles.

Octa

eight

Penta

five

Hydrocarbons are obtained

from crude oil. They only contain carbon and oxygen.

The warmest air in the troposphere usually lies at

ground level.

1 ppm

is 10,000 smaller than 1%

The discipline of chemistry

is the branch of science that focuses on the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.

Toxicity is difficult to measure (for many reasons) because it

is unethical to run experiments in which people are exposed to harmful substances on purpose (obviously) and because even if enough data was available we would still have to determine the levels of risk that are unacceptable for different groups of people. See table 2.3 for standards made in for air quality standards

NO (nitrous oxide)

lowers the ground-level ozone concentrations along highways with the formation of VOC's

describe the connection between macroscopic properties and the particulate composition of matter:

macroscopic properties are what makes up with particulate composition of matter. The way the macroscopic properties are arranged are what composes the specific matter.

The simplest hydrocarbon is methane.

methane.

Nona

nine9

Physical change

no change to the composition, only the phase of the material is altered.

amorphous solid

no long-range order Noble gases are single-atom or monatomic gases.

Heterogenous mixture:

not uniform in composition throughout Ex.) handful of soil which is a mixture of sand, dirt, or rocks and will vary from each amount to the next.

Chemical change

occurs when the chemical composition of the final product differs from its original starting material.

Gasoline and kerosene are mixtures

of hydrocarbons.

Chemical symbols

one or two- letter abbreviations for the elements.

The most common units to measure air pollutants are

ppm, ppb, and ug/m^3.

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 focused on

preventing the formation of hazardous substances rather than simply limiting the spread of them.

Metallurgy

process of purifying metals from ore.

composition

properties of a device are governed by what it is made of

Ambient air:

refers to the air that surrounds us

crystalline solid

regular ordered structure.

Risk-assessment is evaluating

scientific data and making predictions about an outcome.

Hexa

six

Atoms:

smallest building block that can exist as a stable, independent entity. compounds contain two or more different types of atoms, an atom is the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable independent entity and atoms are extremely small.

Mixtures

substances that are formed by physically mixing two or more substances.

Deca

ten

Output of carbon monoxide is used to measure

the efficiency of an automobile. This gas is measured in order to determine the degree of incomplete combustion.

SO2 can lead to

the formation of aerosols and can react with water to produce acid rain.

Equal volumes of gases have the same number of molecules and atoms as long as

the samples have the same temperature and pressure.

Cradle-to-grave: an approach

to analyzing the life cycle of an item, starting with the raw materials from which it came and ending with its ultimate disposal.

Volatile organic compounds are connected

to the formation of nitrogen dioxide and catalytic converters have reduced the CO emissions from cars.

Particulate matter sources:

wildfires, wooden stoves, and diesel engines.

A chemical equation is a

statement using chemical formulas/symbols that expresses both the identities and the relative amounts/quantities of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change. EX.) Carbon + Oxygen ---> carbon dioxide C+O2---> CO2

The Air Quality Index (AQI) describes the quality of air with a scale ranging from 1-500. The number 100 represents the national standard for the pollutant(s) being measured.

the quality of air with a scale ranging from 1-500. The number 100 represents the national standard for the pollutant(s) being measured.

Tragedy of the commons

term to describe a situation where a resource is no particular group's responsibility but if it is destroyed or overused this has consequences for a large number of people.

chemical formula

symbolic way to represent the elementary composition of a substance. Reveals both the elements present (by the chemical symbols shown on the periodic table), the atomic ratio of the elements (subscripts). Ex.) CO 2 = carbon, oxygen in a ratio where for every carbon atom there are two oxygen atoms or H 2 O which indicates two hydrogen atoms for each oxygen atom

CO, CO2, and heat all can be formed when

a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion.