CHP 2 HUMAN A&P 2
Post-transcriptional processing adds a(n) ________ to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule. A) poly A tail B) cap C) exon D) poly C tail E) intron
A
Proteases break peptide bonds
A
The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages proteins into vesicles targeted for their final destination
A
Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane-bound structures called A) excretory vesicles. B)secretory vesicles. C) inclusions. D) the endoplasmic reticulum. E) the Golgi apparatus
B
Movement between cells in an epithelium is called transepithelial transport
B
Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of a glucose and a lactose molecule (T/F)
B
The exon is cut from the original mRNA sequence, leaving the intron as the portion of mRNA that leaves the nucleus to be translated into a protein.
B
The mRNA codon UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine. Therefore, no other codon can code for phenylalanine
B
The mitotic spindle forms from the centrosome during cell division
B
The most common elements found in biomolecules are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and A) phosphorous. B) oxygen. C)calcium. D) chlorine. E) potassium
B
The presence of ________ in the plasma membrane can inhibit crystallization. A)phospholipids B) cholesterol C) peripheral membrane proteins D) glycoproteins E) integral membrane proteins
B
Vaults direct the development of the mitotic spindle during cell division (T/F)
B
What interaction between complementary bases holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together? A) disulfide bridges B) hydrogen bonds C) van der Waals forces D) covalent bonds E) ionic bonds
B
What is the layer of carbohydrates on the external surface of a cell called? A) glycolysis B) glycocalyx C)desmosome D) inclusion E) glycogen
B
What organelle packages and directs proteins to their proper destination? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) lysosomes E) ribosomes
B
What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells? A) ribosomes B) mitochondria C) lysosomes D) peroxisomes E) Golgi apparatus
B
What strand of mRNA would be transcribed from the following strand of DNA: 5'AATG? A) 5'GGUA B) 3'UUAC C) 3'TTAC D) 5'UUGT E) 5'TTUC
B
When insulin is first translated by ribosomes, the initial inactive polypeptide that is formed is called preinsulin
B
When the body needs to make the eicosanoid thromboxane for wound repair, what component of the plasma membrane does it use for their synthesis? A) transmembrane glycoprotein B) fatty acid from phospholipid C) glycolipid D) ATP E) cholesterol
B
Which of the following characteristics concerning ribosomes is FALSE? A) contain ribosomal RNA B) can be located in the Golgi apparatus C) are the site of protein synthesis D) can remain free in the cytosol E) contain protein
B
Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides? A) providing most of the energy for cellular processes B) providing substrates for the citric acid cycle C) storing the genetic code D) providing electrons to the electron transport chain E) expressing the genetic code
B
Which of the following is NOT found in plasma membranes? A) proteins B) chromatin C) phospholipids D) carbohydrates E) cholesterol
B
Why are nucleotides (and their polymers) called nucleic acids when they contain nitrogenous bases? A) Acids ending in "-ic" are the ionized versions of those molecules ending in "-ate." B) Phosphoric acid groups (becoming phosphates) are much stronger than nitrogen acts as a base. C) Nitrogenous base is really a misnomer. D) There are more acids on the molecule than bases. E) Acids always win out over a base.
B
________ are molecules that are composed of one or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. A) Lipids B) Nucleotides C) Amino acids D) Phospholipids E) Glycoproteins
B
________ are proteins that form channels between cells, allowing ions and small molecules to diffuse directly from one cell to the other. A) Dyneins B) Connexins C) Occludins D) Cadherins E) Tubulins
B
The strand of DNA that gets transcribed to mRNA is called the A) promoter sequence. B) intron strand. C) exon strand. D) template strand. E) ribophorin
D
What interaction between the phosphate and the carbohydrate of a nucleotide holds the backbone of a DNA strand together? A) hydrogen bonds B) ionic bonds C) disulfide bridges D) covalent bonds E) van der Waals forces
D
What is the base sequence of the tRNA molecule that recognizes the complementary mRNA molecule? A) codon B) sense C) initiator codon D) anticodon E) nonsense
D
Where does RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription? A) leader sequence B)hormone response element C) initiation factor D) promoter sequence E) P subunit of the ribosome
D
Where inside a cell is glycogen stored? A) mitochondria B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) lysosomes D) cytosol E) Golgi apparatus
D
Where is the genetic code stored? A) brain B) cytoplasm C) heart D) nucleus E) vaults
D
Which cytoskeletal proteins provide the structural support for microvilli? A) microtubules B) tight junctions C) centrioles D) microfilaments E) intermediate filaments
D
Which of the following is NOT a base in RNA? A) cytosine B) adenine C) guanine D) uracil E) thymine
E
Which of the following is NOT an amphipathic molecule? A) glycolipid B) integral membrane protein C) connexon D) phospholipid E) glucose
E
Which of the following is an example of a pentose sugar? A) lactose B) glucose C) sucrose D) fructose E)deoxyribose
E
Which of the following is/are found in DNA but not RNA? A)uracil B) ribose C) adenine D) both adenine and thymine E) both thymine and deoxyribose
E
Which of the following molecule types is NOT a polymer? A) glycogen B) protein C) RNA D) DNA E) fatty acid
E
Which of the following molecules is a disaccharide? A) glycogen B) galactose C) fructose D) glucose E) lactose
E
Which of the following organelles contains its own DNA? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) lysosomes C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) Golgi apparatus E) mitochondria
E
Which of the following statements about the genetic code is TRUE? A) The promoter sequence is found on the antisense strand of DNA. B) A single codon may code for more than one amino acid. C) The tRNA anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon, and therefore is identical to the gene's DNA triplet. D) A single gene contains only those nucleotides that code for a single protein. E) Termination codons do not code for amino acids
E
________ act(s) as the precursor to steroid molecules, many of which function as hormones. A)Saturated fatty acids B) Unsaturated fatty acids C) Eicosanoids D) Phospholipids E) Cholesterol
E
________ are modified fatty acids that function in intercellular communication and include prostaglandins and thromboxanes. A) Phospholipids B) Triglycerides C)Steroids D) Saturated fatty acids E) Eicosanoids
E
________ are molecules whose general structure includes a central carbon with a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen molecule, and a residual (R) group. A)Nucleotides B) Carbohydrates C) Proteins D) Lipids E) Amino acids
E
________ is a polysaccharide found in animal cells, whereas ________ is a polysaccharide found in plants that can be degraded by humans. A) Lactose : starch B) Glycogen : cellulose C) Galactose : starch D) Galactose : cellulose E) Glycogen : starch
E
________ is composed of a nucleotide, where the phosphate is bound to two spots on the ribose sugar. A) ADP B) mRNA C) tRNA D) DNA E) cAMP
E
The ________ is the site where lipids, triglycerides, and steroids are synthesized, as well as where calcium is stored within the cell. A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) lysosome D) mitochondria E) nucleolus
A
According to the law of complementary base pairing, which of the following would be expected in any strand of DNA? A) A + G = C + T B) G + C = T + A C) A = C and T = G D) A = G and C = T E) A = G
A
Bonding between Okazaki fragments forms the lagging strand of DNA
A
Cholesterol is the precursor molecule for all steroids in the body (T/F)
A
Disulfide bridges contribute to the tertiary structure of proteins by covalent bonds between the sulfhydryl groups on two cysteine amino acids (T/F)
A
During translation, ________ is synthesized in the ________. A) protein : cytoplasm B) protein : nucleus C) RNA : cytoplasm D) DNA : nucleus E) RNA : nucleus
A
Each amino acid differs from others only by the A) characteristic of its R group. B) size of its amino group. C) number of peptide bonds in the molecule. D) number of its carboxyl groups. E) number of central carbon atoms.
A
Helicase catalyzes the unwinding of DNA during transcription.
A
In Tay-Sachs Disease, which organelle contains the impaired enzymes? A) lysosome B) mitochondria C) centriole D) rough endoplasmic reticulum E) Golgi apparatus
A
In eukaryotes, which of the following properties is TRUE for both DNA and RNA? A) follow the law of complementary base pairing B) contain the bases uracil and thymine C) double-stranded D) propagation through semi-conservative replication E) involved in translation
A
Inclusions are intracellular stores of glycogen or triglycerides (T/F)
A
Microtubules are dynamic structures in that they may form and disassemble repeatedly in a cell
A
The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a A) nonpolar region that dissolves in water and a polar region that face one another. B) single nonpolar region that is not miscible in aqueous solution. C) single polar region that is miscible in aqueous solution. D) polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water. E) nonpolar region facing the outside and a polar region facing the inside of a cell.
A
The anticodon is complementary to the triplet coding for a particular amino acid
A
The cytoskeleton suspends the organelles within the cytoplasm
A
The hormone insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of two polypeptides held together by disulfide bridges
A
The innermost compartment of a mitochondrion is called the matrix (T/F)
A
The semiconservative nature of the replication of DNA means that a new strand is coupled to an old strand
A
Thymine is a pyrimidine (T/F)
A
What happens at the P site of a ribosome? A)It holds the tRNA with the most recent amino acid that has been added to the polypeptide chain. b) It causes the ribosome to attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. C) It has the binding site for mRNA. D) It contains the enzyme that catalyzes formation of a peptide bond. E) It holds the tRNA with the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
A
What is the correct order for the following list of steps for initiating translation 1. Binding of initiator tRNA to mRNA 2. Binding of large ribosomal subunit to mRNA 3. Binding of small ribosomal subunit to mRNA 4. Binding of a 2nd tRNA with its amino acid to the A site 5. Formation of covalent bond between methionine and second amino acid A) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 B) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 C) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
A
What is the portion of DNA that codes for a particular protein? A) gene B) promoter sequence C) triplet D) codon E) nucleotide
A
Which microtubular proteins are responsible for the distribution of chromosomes during cell division? A) spindle fibers B) keratin C) myosin D) tubulin E) actin
A
Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels? A) transmembrane proteins B) transmembrane glycolipids C) cholesterol D) phospholipids E) peripheral membrane proteins
A
Which of the following descriptions of a polymer is FALSE? A) ATP is a polymer of phosphates. B) Glycogen is a polymer of glucose. C) A protein is a polymer of amino acids. D) Starch is a polymer of glucose. E) DNA is a polymer of nucleotides
A
Which of the following does NOT describe a part of post-transcriptional processing? A) formation of bonds between a phosphate group and a sugar B) addition of a poly A tail at the 3' end C) capping of the 5' end D)splicing of nucleic acid fragments E) removal of the introns from the strand
A
Which of the following is NOT a property of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) stores steroid hormones B) In liver cells, it contains detoxifying enzymes. C) steroid hormone synthesis D)forms transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatus E) stores calcium
A
Which of the following is NOT an integral membrane protein? A) actin B) occludins C) carrier proteins for mediated transport D) connexons E) channels for ion diffusion across membranes
A
Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule? A) integral membrane protein B) glycogen C) triglyceride D) glucose E) peripheral membrane protein
A
Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water? A) NaCl B) triglyceride C) cholesterol D) fatty acid E) C6H14
A
Which of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is FALSE? A) They are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. B)They are responsible for many of the unique properties of water. C) They can occur within a single molecule. D) They can form between neighboring molecules. E) They are important forces for tertiary structure of proteins
A
________ are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that degrade cellular and extracellular debris. A) Lysosomes B) Ribosomes C) Vaults D) Peroxisomes E) Mitochondria
A
________ are molecules composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids. A) Triglycerides B)Phospholipids C) Steroids D) Eicosanoids E) Saturated fatty acids
A
________ are molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes and micelles. A) Phospholipids B) Eicosanoids C) Triglycerides D) Steroids E) Saturated fatty acids
A
________ are proteins that fuse adjacent cells together to form a nearly impermeable barrier. A)Occludins B) Tubulins C) Connexins D) Dyneins E) Cadherins
A
All of the following are basic components of proteins EXCEPT A) hydrogen. B) potassium. C) nitrogen. D) carbon. E) oxygen.
B
Alpha-helixes and β-pleated sheets are examples of ________ structures of a protein. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) quinary
B
Anabolism describes the breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules
B
Based upon the triplet nature of a codon and the presence of four possible bases, how many possible amino acids might be coded for by mRNA? A) 32 B) 64 C) 8 D) 128 E) 16
B
Cyclic nucleotides form ring structures due to the covalent bonding between an oxygen of the phosphate group and a carbon of the carbohydrate (T/F)
B
Detoxifying enzymes may be localized in what organelle? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) peroxisomes C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) Golgi apparatus
B
During transcription, A) RNA is synthesized from DNA in the cytoplasm. B) RNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus. C) DNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus. D) protein is synthesized from RNA in the cytoplasm. E) protein is synthesized from RNA in the nucleus
B
Each strand of mRNA is translated by one ribosome at a time
B
Every adenine nucleotide of DNA will be transcribed into a thymine on the mRNA
B
Glycoproteins have a glycogen molecule covalently bound to a protein (T/F)
B
Guanine and cytosine are held together by two hydrogen bonds (T/F)
B
In some cases, signals originating within one cell can diffuse directly to a neighboring cell through A)desmosomes. B) gap junctions. C) occludins. D) tight junctions. E) cadherins
B
In the digestive tract, absorption is controlled by mechanisms on the cell's apical membrane surface. What type of physical barriers would be in place to keep these mechanisms from being circumnavigated? A) desmosomes B) tight junctions C) microvilli D) gap junctions E) carrier proteins
B
Ketoacids (a carboxylic acid group attached to a ketone) are often produced during fasting and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. What potential outcome of this would be of greatest concern? A) burning ketone bodies B) ketoacidosis C) disoriented thinking D) acetone breath E)weight loss
B
An acid is a molecule that acts as a(n) A) proton acceptor. B) hydrogen acceptor. C) proton donor. D) electron donor. E) hydroxide donor
C
Formation of peptide bonds occurs by condensation reactions between the ________ group of one amino acid and the ________ group of another. A) fatty acid : glycerol B) glucose : glucose C) carboxyl : amino acid amino D) amino acid : amino acid
C
Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from one cell to a specific ________ on another cell. A) phagosome B) clathrin-coated vesicle C) receptor D) organelle E) nucleus
C
Post-transcriptional processing adds a(n) ________ to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule. A) exon B) intron C) cap D) poly C tail E) poly A tail
C
The ________ is the site of ribosomal RNA production. A) lysosome B) mitochondria C) nucleolus D) nucleus E) cytosol
C
The ________ structure of a protein is formed between residual (R) groups of the amino acid backbone by a number of different chemical interactions, dependent upon the nature of the residual groups interacting. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) quinary
C
The codon is A) DNA language coding for a particular amino acid. B) the triplet of nucleotides found in a gene's sequence. C) mRNA language coding for a particular amino acid. D) the portion of mRNA that is retained after processing. E) the genetic code
C
The presence of ________ chemical groups makes carbohydrates ________. A) hydroxyl : nonpolar B) amino : polar C) hydroxyl : polar D) amino : acidic E) carboxyl : polar and acidic
C
The protein ________ is responsible for generating force as microtubular proteins in cilia slide past one another. A) actin B)myosin C) dynein D) keratin E) tubulin
C
What causes DNA to uncoil during transcription? A) binding of DNA polymerase to the leader sequence B) binding of ubiquitin to the DNA C) binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter sequence D) binding of helicase to the DNA E) binding of tRNA to the initiator codon
C
Which of the following filaments is found in cilia and flagella? A) microfilaments only B) intermediate filaments only C) microtubules only D) microfilaments and microtubules E) microfilaments and intermediate filaments
C
Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide? A) fructose B) galactose C) lactose D) glucose E) deoxyribose
C
Which of the following is an example of a fibrous protein? A) insulin B) hemoglobin C) collagen D) growth hormone E) Na+/K+ pumps
C
________ are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes like catalase, which catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 to H2O and O2. A) Mitochondria B) Vaults C) Peroxisomes D) Lysosomes E) Ribosomes
C
________ are molecules that contain primarily carbons and hydrogens linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds. A) Carbohydrates B) Nucleotides C) Lipids D) Polysaccharides E) Proteins
C
An anticodon is A) the code for a particular amino acid. B) the complement to the complement of the gene. C) the strand of DNA used to create mRNA. D) a three-nucleotide series on tRNA that is complementary to the mRNA to which it binds. E) the stop signal that does not code for an amino acid
D
Based upon a sequence of 15 nucleotides in a strand of DNA, what is the maximum amount of amino acids produced? A) 50 B) 3 C) 2 D) 5 E) 7
D
Hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another is responsible for which of the following? A) holding the two strands of DNA together by the law of complementary base pairing B) twisting the DNA into a helical structure C) primary protein structure D) secondary protein structure E) tertiary protein structure
D
If guanine makes up 29% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA, what percentage of the sample would be adenine? A) 42 B) 29 C) 35 D) 21 E) 11
D
The initiator codon, that originates translation, codes for the amino acid A) tyrosine. B) leucine. C) arginine. D) methionine. E) proline
D
The process whereby a complementary mRNA is produced from a DNA template is called A) post-translational modification. B) transoperon. C) translation. D) transcription. E) transcytosis
D
The promoter sequence of the gene is recognized by ________, which initiates transcription. A) ligase B) helicase C) gyrase D) RNA polymerase E) DNA polymerase
D
Which of the following correctly describes glycogen? A) It forms the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. B) It serves as a structural component of human cells. C) It contains the genetic information found in cells. D) It is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues. E) It helps to protect vital organs from damage
D
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? A) suspension of organelles B) mechanical support C)contraction D) cellular catabolism E) cellular movement
D
Which of the following statements about the genetic code is FALSE? A) mRNA is read 3 bases at a time and these units are called codons. B) There are 3 termination codons that do not code for amino acids. C) Each codon is specific for only one amino acid. D) Each amino acid is coded for by only one codon. E) There is one initiator codon and it codes for an amino
D
________ are proteins attached to intermediate filaments in regions where cells are exposed to mechanical stresses. A) Dyneins B) Occludins C) Connexins D) Cadherins E) Tubulins
D
A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be A)hypersaturated. B) saturated. C) monounsaturated. D) polysaturated. E) polyunsaturated
E
Continuous with the outer portion of the nuclear pore, what membrane-bound structure functions in the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins bound for other organelles? A) nucleolus B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) lysosome E) rough endoplasmic reticulum
E
Hydrolytic reactions are when A) the bond between two molecules is broken through the splitting of a water molecule, thereby creating two new bonds with the H and OH of that water in its place. B) the bond between two molecules is broken, resulting in the removal of a water molecule. C) two molecules are joined together, resulting in the removal of a water molecule. D) water is removed from the cell. E) two molecules are joined together by adding a water molecule
E
Keratin is an example of which type of cytoskeletal protein? A)microtubules B) centrioles C) tight junctions D) microfilaments E) intermediate filaments
E
The initiator codon is composed of the sequence A) CCC. B) CCG. C) AAC. D) UUG. E) AUG
E
What is the site where steroids are stored in the cell? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) secretory vesicles C) lysosome D) Golgi apparatus E) Steroids are lipid and will slide right through membranes; they cannot be stored in the cell.
E
Which of the following descriptions of the function of the organelle is FALSE? A) Packaging of secretory products into vesicles occurs in the Golgi apparatus. B) Calcium is stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C) Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. D) Peptide hormone synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. E) Breakdown of phagocytosed bacteria occurs in the peroxisomes
E
