chp 20-12

political bosses

"King Richard" Croker in NY, James Michael Curley in Boston, Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Martin Behrman in New Orleans, & Abe Ruef in San Francisco

Indian Policy of 1850s

"one big reservation" began to be violated, so the government "negotiated" that indians should resort to living on smaller reservations, indians perished of disease, malnutrition, alcohol, and in futile effforts to break outof the reservations and regain their land.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Haymarket incident

(1886) Chicago police advanced on a meeting that had been called to protest supposed brutalities by authorities. Dynamite bomb thrown and dozens were killed. Knights of labor were blamed for this incident, and lost public support

Grant's "Peace Policy"

-when he entered the White House Grant developed a peace policy for the West, based on recommendations by Christian reformers.-he put the reformers in charge. They aimed to destroy native languages, cultures and relegions

plans of Reconstruction

1) 10% loyalty oath for voters of 1860 3)obey antislavery laws and support Constituiton 2)amnesty for all southerners except criminal

Black Kettle

1. Leader of the Cheyenne after 1854 who led efforts to resist American settlements from Kansas to Colorado. 2. He was a peacemaker who survived the Sand Creek Massacre but was killed by an army attack led by General George Custer.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Worchester vs. Georgia

1832. ruled that state law had no authority in Cherokee territory

"Force Bill"

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

"Gag Rule"

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Lincoln-Douglas debates 1858

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

U.S. vs. E.C. Knight company

1895, The Supreme Court ruled that manufacturing was not commerce and therefore did not fall under jurisdiction of the law. Crippling blow to the Sherman Act.

immigration 1880-1914

23 million immigrants arrived during this time when the population of the United States was only 76 million in 1990, european immigration accounted for 75% of total immigration

Farmers Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.`

Pendelton Act

A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

"Gilded Age"

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

"Ghost Dance"

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

"Crop lien system"

A system of credit used in the South. Merchants in small country stores would give goods for credit in return for a "lien" on the crop. when the price of crops fell poor farmers, both black and white, dug deeper into debt

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Frederick Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Molly Maguires

An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Clement L. Vallandigham

An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South., Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy

Union war Strategy

Anaconda Plan: naval blockade of the South; capture Mississippi, split Confederacy in two, take TX, AR, LA out of the way, capture largest Confederate City: New Orleans; Capture Richmond

"conscience Whigs"

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Presidential Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison (Republican) won election over Grover Cleveland (Democrat), Clinton Fisk (Prohibition), & Alson Streeter (Union Labor); corrupted election

"Pittsburgh of the South"

Birmingham, AL, known for the steel

Stand Watie

Cherokee military captain, led regiment called Cherokee Mounted Rifles made up of mixed bloods

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Twenty Negro Law

Confederate conscription law that exempted from the draft one white man on every plantation owning 20 or more slaves. Purpose was to overseers or ownerswho would ensure discipline over the slaves and keep up production but was regarded as discrimination in non-slaveholding families

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

political machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Andrew Carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low

Wilmot Proviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Oregon fever

Enthusiasm for emigration to the Oregon Country in the late 1830s and early 1840s.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Half-Breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grand as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.

John C. Calhoun

Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.

Sherman's March to Sea

General Sherman led some 60000 troops on a march south across Georgia; burned cities and destroyed everything in his path; killed civilians, destroyed crops. Sherman believed in total war.

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Presidential Election of 1884

Grover Cleveland (Democrat) won election over James Blaine (Republican), Benjamin Butler (Green-back & Monopoly, & John P. St. John (Prohibition)

George McClellan

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Alexander Stephens

He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

Angel Island

Immigration processing station in the San Francisco Bay for Asian immigrants.

John Brown's Raid

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Trent affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Horace Greely

In 1872 the republicans renominated Grant and some of the "reform-minded" republicans left their party, creating the Liberal Republican party and nominating Greely, editor of the New York Tribune. The Democrats also nominated him. There was much mudslinging involved in this election and Greely lost, in more ways than one. Along with the loss of the presidency, Greely lost his job, his wife, and his mind within one month of the election.

Little Big Horn

In 1876, Colonel George A. Custer and 260 of his men were killed by Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull at this battle in southern Montana. "Custer's Last Stand" became enshrined in American mythology as a symbol of the brutality of the Indian wars, although there is substantial evidence that Custer acted recklessly in attacking the large Indian encampment.

Wounded Knee

In 1890 it was the site of a massacre of Native North Americans in which between 150 and 370 Sioux people were killed, most of them unarmed.

Lone Star State

In September 1836, Texans raised a flag with one single star. The nickname of Texas was the Lone Star Republic and it was named an independent nation. Sam Houston was elected president of the Lone Star Republic.

Chancellorsville

In Virginia where Lee daringly divided his numerically inferior army and sent Stonewall Jackson to attack the Union flank. This was successful strategy as it was one of the Confederates most successful victories of the war. However, during the battle Jackson was shot and killed by friendly fire which depleted the moral of the confederate force.

"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision

In this event the supreme court ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it did not allow masters to bring their slaves into free areas in the country. (1857)

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

"Petticoat Wars"

Internal Dispute In Andrew Jackson's Cabinet. Concerned the Marriage of Peggy Timberlake and John Henry Eaton. Resulted in the Purge of his Cabinet.

Homestead Strike

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet.

Presidential Election of 1880

James Garfield (Republican) won election over Winfield Scott Hancock (Democrat); main issue was lowering or rising tariffs

Harpers Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Standard Oil

John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.

Vicksburg Campaign

July 1863. Happened at the same time as Gettysburg. Ulysses S. Grant was a general who didn't mind fighting. Grant comes down the Mississippi river and is finally forced to go down on the other side and marches up and captures Jackson, then captures Vicksburg. That cut the confederacy in half. It took 3 months to take Vicksburg.

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Seneca Falls

July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

North advantages in the Civil War

Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations.

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Appomattox

Lee surrenders here, but Grant offers the Confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify the country.

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.

antislavery democrats

Northern Democrats who believed that their party was becoming overridden with slave supporters

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

Jay Gould

Often regarded as the most unethical of the Robber Barons, he was involved with Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed early in his career. After damaging his reputation in a gold speculation that instigated the panic of Black Friday in 1869, he went on to gain control of western railroads and by 1882 had controlling interest in 15% of the country's tracks. Although mistrusted by many of his contemporaries, he was recognized as a skilled businessman.

Assassination of Lincoln

On April 15, 1865 John Wilkes Booth killed President Lincoln in the Ford's Theater, three days after the Civil War has ended

James B. Duke

Owner of an American Tobacco Company, which established a virtual monopoly over the processing of raw tobacco into marketable materials.

liberal Republicans

Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

"Free silver"

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

Election of 1872

President Grant was renominated, without opposition, at the Republican convention at Philadelphia in June 1872. The Republican platform condemned racial and religious discrimination and called for granting women greater rights. President Grant's opponent was Horace Greeley of New York. He was first nominated by the "Liberal Republicans" who wished to protest the corruption of the Grant administration. The Democrats were in such disarray that they were unable to select a candidate and therefore endorsed Greeley. Greeley's campaign primarily on the theme of "more honest government". Most Americans still found Grant popular, and were convinced that he was not responsible for the corruption in his administration. Thus, they re-elected Grant.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Election of 1876

Race for the presidency between Republican Rutherford B Hayes and Democrat Samuel J Tilden. The decision of the winner came down to congress but no one knew which house should vote because the Senate was Republican and the House of Reps was Democratic. Congress created a Special Electoral Commission consisting of 5 senators, 5 House Reps, and 5 justices from the Supreme court. Votes went 8-7 in favor of Hayes.

"Robber Barons"

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Mugwumps

Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate, James Blaine.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty

Sacajawea

She accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition during its journey to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806. She made important contributions to the success of the Corps of Discovery: she helped guide the expedition through unfamiliar territory and she helped translate when the expedition encountered Indian tribes.

George Fitzhugh

Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society,The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.

Confederate States of America

South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas,Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina

black codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Adams Onis Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Gettysburg Address

Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy. That ideal was threatened by the Civil War.

Munn vs. Illinois (1877)

Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

"Jim Crow" laws

The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965

Know-Nothings

The American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Election of 1848

The Free soilers named former President Martin Van Buren as their canidate. The democrats chose Lewis Cass. The Whigs chose Zachary Taylor. Slavery was concidered a very important topic at the time. Van Buren says no slavery. Cass says popular soverignty. Taylor did not speak about the issue. Conclusion Zachary Taylor won the election.

Election of 1868

The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868.

"popular sovereignty"

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

"New South"

The term has been used with different applications in mind. The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

Bayonet rule

The use of federal troops to support Reconstruction government. Southerners protested this.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

14th Amendment

This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.

13th Amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

13th amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

Manifest destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Second Bank of United States

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

Little Crow

This man of the eastern Sioux in Minnesota led a rebellion (against reservations) and killed more than 700 whites before being subdued by a force of regulars and militiamen. 38 Indians were hanged and the tribe was exiled to the Dakotas

Massachusetts 54th

This regiment was one of the first official black units in the United States armed forces. The regiment gained recognition on July 18, 1863, when it spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Although the Union was not able to take and hold the fort, the unit was widely acclaimed for its valor, and the event helped encourage the further enlistment and mobilization of African-American troops, a key development that President Abraham Lincoln once noted as helping to secure the final victory.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Philip Sheridan

Union General that marched through the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, destroying farms, livestock, crops, and anything else in his path.

David Farragut

Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

General Winfield Scott

United States Army lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He was responsible for defeating Santa Anna. He also conceived the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan.

Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)

John Wanamaker

United States businessman whose business grew into one of the first department stores (1838-1922)

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Roger Taney

United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens

Samuel Gompers

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith, he led the Mormon exodus from Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah (1801-1877)

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Texas Revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

April 12, 1861

Where: Fort Sumter When: April 12, 1861 Why: Lincoln needed to supply the standing army that was starving on the island; test to see if the Confederate army would shoot at the supply ships

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

Andersonville Prison Camp

a POW camp where the Confederates held union soldiers. During the 14 months the prison existed, more than 45,000 Union Solders were confined here. Of these, almost 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding, or exposure to the elements.

Hinton Helper

a Southern critic of slavery during the 1850s who wrote a book entitled The Impending Crisis of The South The book put forth the notion that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South.

Magdalen society

a band of (mostly female) Sunday school teachers who initiated an informal mission to prostitues grew into this in 1828

Plessy vs. Ferguson

a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

Sitting Bull

a chief of the Sioux, took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)

writ of habeas corpus

a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person

Ostend Manifesto

a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Free Soil Party

a former political party in the United States; formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into the territories; merged with the Liberty Party in 1848

Copperheads

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Cowboy

a hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Carpet baggers

a northerner who came to or stayed in the South after the civil war for political or financial gain

Oregon Trail

a route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, used by pioneers traveling to the Oregon Territory

Ku Klux Klan

a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep african americans from obtaining their civil rights

Reconstruction Act of 1867

a.) put the South under military rule b.)Ordered states to hold new elections for deleagates to creat new state constitutions c.) Required all states to allow all qualified male voters to vote in elections d.) Barred those who supported the Confederacy from voting. e.) Required southern states to guarante

West Virginia

after Virginia secedes, the western part removed separated itself from them to stay in the Union to form a new state

Mexican War

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Ulysses Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

John D. Rockefeller

an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

gradual emancipation

approach to ending slavery that called for the phasing out of slavery over a period of time; many gradual emancipation proposals were built around the granting of freedom to children of slaves who were born after a specified sate, usually when they attained a specified age; in this way, as existing slaves aged and dies, slavery would gradually die too. Many of the northern states, which abolished slavery following the American Revolution, adopted this method of ending the institution.

Charles Guiteau

assassinated President James to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

Andrew Johnson impeachment

attempted against President in 1868; power struggle between him and Congress; President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval + he interfered w/congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency

old immigrants

came from northwestern Europe; regarded as racially fit, culturally sophisticated, & politically mature; push factors: flee religious or political persecution to escape economic hardship; pull factors: economic opportunity

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Constitution of the Confederate States of America

contained clauses that guaranteed slavery in both the states and the territories, strengthened the principle of state sovereignty, prohibited Congress from enacting a protective tariff and from granting government aid to internal improvements, & limited president to single six-year term

Confederate war Strategy

defensive war turn Northern opinion against the warcotton diplomacy: stop shipping cotton to bt and france to make them realize how much they need the south, get them to declare war on the North and ally with the south, like France in the American revolution.

Williams vs. Mississippi

disfranchisement not in violation of the Constitution as long as it's not based on race, although its political effect was the exclusion of blacks from office

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

technological advances in early 20th century

electric power, gasoline-powered internal combustion engine, AC, light bulb, electric generators, cars, airplane

assembly line

eliminated time wasted in transporting car parts by crane from one work area to another, limited the time available to workers to perform their assigned tasks, workers faced issue dealing with repetitive labor

People's Party

formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads

Charles Sumner

gave a speech in may 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas" militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for 4 years, symbol throughout the north.

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

Contraband

goods whose importation or exportation or possession is prohibited by law

Alice Paul

head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Union Party

included all of the Republicans and the war Democrats. It excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats. It was formed out of fear of the republican party losing control. It was responsible for nominating Lincoln.

American Railway Union

industrial union founded by Eugene Debs that was associated with the Pullman Strike

John L. O'Sullivan

influential editor of the Democratic Review who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" in 1845.

Southern advantages in the Civil War

knowledge of land, fighting to protect lifestyle, better trained soldiers,strong military leaders

James Longstreet

led Pickett's charge on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Confederate hero at Chickamauga

Terence Powderly

led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

Longhorn

long-horned beef cattle formerly common in southwestern United States

Henry Grady

managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.

Social Darwinism

members of a species constantly compete to survive; applied survival of the fittest and natural selection to economics, war, the races

African Americans in early 20th century

most remained tenant farmers and sharecroppers, some sought better life by migrating to northern cities

Chickamauga

most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater,fought September 19-20, 1863 in Georgia

Indian Removal Act of 1830

move all Indians east of Miss. River to Oklahoma; denied by Sup. Court but AJ somehow overruled and forced indians to move; AJ lied about conditions in OK and moving conditions for Indians (did he know?); some Indians followed "Trail of Tears"

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago

Bear Flag Republic

nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846

Morrill Act

of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.

new immigrants

often regarded as racially inferior, culturally impoverished & incapable of assimilating American values and traditions; fear of their alien languages, religions, and economic backgrounds

Knights of Labor

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

B&O Railroad Strike

pay cut led to strike, broke equipment and rioted, President Hayes brought in federal troops to suppress

popular sovereignty

people hold the final authority in all matters of government

Freedman's Bureau

provided: food, clothing, jobs, medical care, schools for former slaves and the poor whites

McKinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition, cost Harrison reelection

Nicolas Biddle

ran the second national bank from 1823 and on, and at this time, the Bank held all federal gold and silver deposits and thus had significant control over credit and monetary policy

"Hard Money" Democrats

regarded banks as centers of trickery and priviledge, said they should be abolished, wanted no paper money and everything to rely on credit

Chinese & Japanese immigrants

relatively small numbers allowed due to American efforts to keep them out due the racial inferiority

time and motion studies

repeated measurements of detailed task variables to determine their most efficient combination

Wartime Draft and class tensions

rich could get out of the war, "poor man's fight", black soldiers in combatq

William H. Seward

senator of NY; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution

Crittenden Compromise

series of proposed constitutional amendments to make peace with the seceded states: to guarantee slavery in the states perpetually against federal interference, to prohibit Congress from abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia or on any federal property, to deny Congress the power to interfere with the interstate slave trade, to compensate slaveholders who were prevented from recovering fugitive slaves who had escaped to the North, and to protect slavery south of the latitude 36 30' in all territories

Thomas Proviso

slavery would be outlawed in territories north of a line extending from the southern border of missouri to Spanish territory

Border States

slaves states still in the Union after some southern states have seceded that provide a border between the Confederacy and Union

Economic Problems in South

suffocation caused by blockade, destruction caused by invaders. Possessing 30% of the national wealth in 1860, the south claimed only 12% of the wealth in 1860. Before the war, the average income of southerners was about 2/3 that of Northerners, but it dropped to 2/5 the Northern level after the war, where it stayed for the rest of the century. transportation collapsed and reusing/rationing was common

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

common schools

tax-supported schools-appears to many people, Horace Mann-Massachussetts Whig politician who supported this

Know-Nothings

the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic

King Cotton Diplomacy

the South's political strategy during the Civil War; it depended upon British and French dependency on southern cotton to the extent that those two countries would help the South break the blockade

Abolition

the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery)

"Total war"

the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

Universal Male Suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

Atlanta Compromise

the speech given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Expo was known as this compromise; his major philosophy in this was accommodation, not integration; he felt that blacks needed to strive to be totally successful and yet totally separate from the white community

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

scalwags

these were southerns that wanted to work with the republican party. they weren't bad people, people were just giving them a hard time.

National Banking Act

was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks. The Act, together with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence.

The Emancipation Proclamation

was a document written by Lincoln which freed the slaves in the states that were in rebellion. This changed the reason why the war was fought

Atlanta Campaign

was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta, Georgia, during the summer of 1864, leading to the eventual fall of Atlanta and hastening the end of the American Civil War

Toussaint L'Ouverture

was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Sand Creek

was an incident in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, 1864, when Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped on the eastern plains.

Theory of secession

when each state ratified the Constitution and joined the Union, it authorized the national government to act as its agent in the exercise of certain functions of sovereignty - but the states had never given away their fundamental underlying sovereignty

Women/African American war effort

women were nurses for the wounded in the war, later African American males had the opportunity to fight in the war

Jim Fisk

worked with jay gould - wanted to corner the US gold market and convince the treasury not to release gold so they could have control over the gold market - almost worked- showed corruption of grant presidency - lead to black friday