CHP 26 URINARY SYSTEM--LECTURE PRACTICE QUESTIONS
At a volume of __________ mL, there may be sufficient pressure in the bladder to force the opening of the internal urinary sphincter and, consequently, the external urinary sphincter. 200 250 400 500
500
The average pH for normal urine is about __________. 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
6.0
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport? A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions. The membrane of a single tubular cell contains more than one type of carrier protein. The distribution of carrier proteins can vary from one portion of the cell surface to another. In carrier-mediated transport, a specific substrate binds to a carrier protein.
A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions.
The segments of the nephron distal to the renal corpuscle are responsible for __________. secretion of waste materials reabsorption of over 90 percent of water from the tubule reabsorption of useful organic substrates All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is FALSE? Elevation of blood pressure increases the GFR. Renin is released when the GFR is low. Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR. Constriction of the efferent arterioles increases the GFR.
Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.
Which of the following conditions does NOT occur as the urinary system ages? The number of functional nephrons declines. Problems occur with the micturition reflex. The GFR declines. Nephrons become more sensitive to ADH.
Nephrons become more sensitive to ADH.
Which portion of the nephron contains cuboidal cells covered with microvilli? glomerulus PCT glomerular capsule nephron loop
PCT
In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions? nephron loop and proximal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct glomerular capsule and proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________. decrease in the glomerular filtration rate an increase in the secretion of renin and erythropoietin decrease in glomerular blood pressure elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
Countercurrent refers to the __________. exchange occurring between fluids moving in the same direction exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions lack of exchange between two fluids None of the listed responses is correct.
exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions
Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high? pinocytosis active transport facilitated transport countertransport
facilitated transport
Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes __________. a decrease in GFR and an increase in filtrate production a decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production an increase in GFR and a slowing of filtrate production an increase in GFR and an increase in filtrate production
a decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production
The fibrous capsule is __________. a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney a dense outer layer of fibers that anchors each kidney to surrounding structures the outermost region of each kidney a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds each kidney
a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney
Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing __________. countercurrent multiplication a decrease in the concentration of the filtrate a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine an increase in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of __________. collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts podocytes, pedicels, and slit pores capsular space, tubular pole, and macula densa fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits
fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? adaptive immunity regulation of blood volume controlling calcium levels conservation of nutrients
adaptive immunity
Cortical radiate arteries branch to form __________, which enter __________. efferent arterioles; glomeruli vasa recta; venules afferent arterioles; glomeruli None of the listed responses is correct.
afferent arterioles; glomeruli
Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop? sodium bicarbonate chloride water
bicarbonate
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________. the nephron loop the collecting system the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________. blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) capsular colloid osmotic pressure (CCOP)
capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus? capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate glomerular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
Each of the following substances is secreted by the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) EXCEPT __________. hydrogen ions ammonium ions chloride ions potassium ions
chloride ions
The thick segments in the nephron loop __________. contain an aldosterone-regulated pump are characterized by ADH-regulated permeability contain diffusion mechanisms for getting rid of excess water contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
In which region of the kidney would you find the renal corpuscles? renal pelvis medulla renal sinus cortex
cortex
To which vessels does blood flow immediately after it passes through the arcuate arteries? segmental arteries cortical radiate arteries afferent arterioles glomerulus
cortical radiate arteries
What is the term for the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient? pinocytosis cotransport osmosis facilitated diffusion
cotransport
Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________. dysuria glycosuria dehydration anuria
dehydration
What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions? internal urinary sphincter urethral meatus detrusor trigone
detrusor
Which of the following disorders describes the production of very dilute urine as a result of a lack of ADH production? diabetes mellitus type 1 diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes insipidus None of the listed responses is correct.
diabetes insipidus
What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate? nephron loop distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle
distal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation? nephron loop distal convoluted tubule vasa recta proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
The renal corpuscle consists of the __________. renal pelvis and renal papillae major calyx and minor calyces glomerulus and glomerular capsule proximal and distal convoluted tubules
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine? ammonia glucose creatinine urea
glucose
Which of the following is NOT found in normal urine? sodium creatinine urea glucose
glucose
What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct? increased conservation of sodium ions and water increased sodium ion and water excretion decreased sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT increased sodium ion excretion
increased conservation of sodium ions and water
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the urinary system? problems with urinary retention decline in the number of functional nephrons increased sensitivity to ADH reduction in the GFR
increased sensitivity to ADH
In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________. proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop collecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and renal pelvis nephron loop and the collecting and papillary ducts
proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for __________. creation of the medullary concentration gradient making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine absorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate active secretion and reabsorption of sodium ions
making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine
The inner layer of the kidney is the __________. cortex renal sinus medulla renal papilla
medulla
After passage through the nephron loop, the filtrate is __________. extremely alkaline more concentrated unchanged less concentrated
more concentrated
When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________. less permeable to water; reabsorption of water increases less permeable to water; reabsorption of water decreases more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases more permeable to water; water reabsorption decreases
more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
Because of the small diameter of the glomerular capillaries, the blood pressure in the efferent arteriole is __________ that of the pressure in the afferent arteriole. lower than much higher than much lower than higher than
much higher than
In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur? collecting duct distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop
nephron loop
Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments? proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting system
nephron loop
What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated? nephron loop and collecting duct glomerulus distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop and collecting duct
Urine production begins in the __________. nephrons papillae pyramids pyramids and papillae
nephrons
The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is the __________. capsular hydrostatic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure net filtration pressure glomerular filtration rate
net filtration pressure
Which of the following is NOT an example of carrier-mediated transport? active transport cotransport facilitated diffusion osmosis
osmosis
During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates __________. urine ejection caused by contractions of the internal and external sphincter the action of stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord sympathetic sensory neurons in the sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord
Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________. afferent arterioles interlobular veins peritubular capillaries segmental veins
peritubular capillaries
Juxtaglomerular nephrons __________. produce little urine produce concentrated urine account for 85 percent of all nephrons do not produce urine
produce concentrated urine
The renal papilla __________. projects into the renal sinus consists of 6 to 18 pyramids absorbs excess water All of the listed responses are correct.
projects into the renal sinus
In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed? collecting duct distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________. renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule
What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron? renal corpuscle nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the nephron reabsorbs most of the important nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids as well as any plasma proteins? proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) glomerulus nephron loop distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Aldosterone __________ in the proximal convoluted tubule. regulates osmolarity of urine regulates glucose and amino acid exchange regulates water reabsorption regulates potassium and sodium exchange
regulates potassium and sodium exchange
The functions of the urinary system include all of the following EXCEPT __________. regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes stabilizing blood pH regulating body temperature regulating blood volume and blood pressure
regulating body temperature
Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney? renal artery left gastric artery splenic artery hepatic artery
renal artery
In which region would you find interlobar arteries? renal sinus cortex renal column renal pyramid
renal column
The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________. proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle nephron loop
renal corpuscle
The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the __________. cortical radiate arteries renal papilla renal corpuscle vasa recta
renal corpuscle
Which of the following is a dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures? fibrous capsule parietal peritoneum renal fascia perinephric fat capsule
renal fascia
In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located? renal cortex renal hilum renal pelvis renal medulla
renal medulla
The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the __________. renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis renal functional unit
renal medulla
What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter? renal hilum renal calyces renal pelvis urethra
renal pelvis
The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of __________. hydrogen and ammonium ions sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea excessive amounts of water All of the listed responses are correct.
sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
Net filtration pressure can be measured as __________. the addition of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure the difference between the blood pressure and the glomerular filtration rate None of the listed responses is correct.
the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure
The renal corpuscle consists of __________. renal columns and renal pyramids the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus major and minor calyces the cortex and the medulla
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
Which of the following causes urinary incontinence? lack of ADH production the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles prolonged increase in the GFR All of the listed responses are correct.
the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles
The capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called __________. the vasa recta the juxtaglomerular complex the glomerular capsule glomeruli
the vasa recta
The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine? simple cuboidal stratified squamous simple columnar transitional
transitional
The mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of __________. detrusor muscles simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium transitional epithelium
transitional epithelium
The collecting system __________. is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium adjusts the concentration and composition of urine transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine transports fluid to the renal pelvis
transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine
The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________. rugae detrusor trigone renal pelvis
trigone
The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________. internal urethral sphincter renal sinus external urethral sphincter trigone
trigone
Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids? urea creatinine uric acid None of the listed responses is correct.
urea
What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? urethra trigone ureter renal pelvis
ureter
Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________. penis urethra nephron ureter
urethra
Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine? urinary bladder kidney urethra ureter
urinary bladder
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Nutrient reabsorption occurs primarily at the proximal convoluted tubule. The nephron loop regulates the amount of water lost in the urine. Filtration occurs exclusively in the renal corpuscle, across the glomerular walls. Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct.
Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct.
Angiotensin II is a potent hormone that __________. stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the nephron triggers the release of ADH in the CNS All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________. dilation of the glomerular capillaries dilation of the afferent arteriole constriction of the efferent arteriole All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by deposits of __________. calcium magnesium salts uric acid All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Reabsorption and secretion at the kidneys involve __________. osmosis diffusion carrier-mediated transport All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________. regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure stimulation of renin release direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The functions of the urinary system include which of the following? detoxifying poisons regulating ion concentrations stabilizing pH All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The kidneys are __________. each surrounded by a fibrous capsule, adipose, and renal fascia in a retroperitoneal location behind the parietal peritoneum posterior to the spleen, stomach, and liver All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The sympathetic division of the nervous system has which of the following effects on the kidney? It triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arteriole. It causes the release of ADH, which increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal portions of the DCT. It causes an increase in the GFR because of the constriction of the efferent arteriole. It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.
It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.
Which of the following statements about the hilum of the kidney is FALSE? It is the site of the adrenal glands. It is the point of entry of the renal artery and renal nerves. It is a prominent indentation. All of the listed responses are false; none is true.
It is the site of the adrenal glands.
Which of the following statements concerning the nephron loop and its function is FALSE? Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop. The nephron loop reabsorbs roughly half the water and two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions in the tubular fluid. Water moves by osmosis out of the descending limb of the nephron loop. The pumping of sodium and chloride from the nephron loop elevates the osmotic concentration in the peritubular fluid.
Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop.
Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is FALSE? Interneurons in the spinal cord relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex. Relaxation of the external sphincter occurs under voluntary control. The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord. Increased afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder facilitate parasympathetic motor neurons in the spinal cord.
The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys? hilum, renal sinus, and renal corpuscle cortex, medulla, and papillae fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia major calyces, minor calyces, and renal pyramids
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia
In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries? reabsorption secretion cotransport filtration
filtration
What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced? activation absorption secretion filtration
filtration
In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________. sodium ions and chloride ions solute concentrations in the nephron loop fluids moving in opposite directions potassium and chloride ions
fluids moving in opposite directions
The thin segments in the nephron loop are __________. relatively impermeable to water, ions, and other solutes freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes freely permeable to water, ions, and other solutes relatively impermeable to water and freely permeable to ions and other solutes
freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes
The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________. countercurrent multiplication vasa recta filtration rate glomerular filtration rate filtration pressure
glomerular filtration rate
What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall? glomerular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure capsular colloid osmotic pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle? capsular hydrostatic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure countertransport
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________. glucose is transported across the membrane by countertransport the individual has eaten excessive amounts of sweets the glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus glucose appears in the urine
glucose appears in the urine
A histological examination of the nephron would reveal simple squamous tissue __________. in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the nephron loop in the renal corpuscle in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
in the nephron loop
The fluid in the ascending limb of the nephron loop moves __________ the fluid in the descending limb. in the same direction as in the opposite direction of slower than faster than
in the opposite direction of
Which of the following is NOT an effect of advanced age on the urinary system? increase in the formation of kidney stones increase in the GFR reduced sensitivity to ADH problems with urinary retention in males due to enlarged prostate
increase in the GFR
During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to __________. cause an increase in GFR increase to the skin and skeletal muscles and decrease to the kidneys be shunted toward the kidneys decrease to the skin and skeletal muscles and increase to the kidneys
increase to the skin and skeletal muscles and decrease to the kidneys
What is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism? decreased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop decreased transport of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron loop increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop osmotic flow of water from peritubular fluid into the descending limb of the nephron loop
increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma removal of organic waste products from body fluids elimination of waste into the environment homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma
introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma
To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system EXCEPT __________. hydrogen iron All of the listed responses are correct. bicarbonate
iron
Which organ in the urinary system produces urine? ureter kidney urinary bladder urethra
kidney
Which of the following systems is NOT used to excrete wastes from the body? respiratory system integumentary system lymphatic system digestive system
lymphatic system